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Sharjah

Preceptimitry

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Published in: Pharmacology
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Memory updated Description for PowerPoint Presentation: "Preceptimitry" The "Preceptimitry" presentation offers a comprehensive exploration of the principles and practices essential for effective pharmacy preceptorship. This PowerPoint is designed for pharmacy educators, clinical pharmacists, and healthcare professionals who are involved in training and mentoring pharmacy students or new practitioners. The presentation covers key topics such as the role of a preceptor, the skills required for successful mentorship, strategies for evaluating student performance, and the impact of preceptorship on professional development. It also includes case studies and best practices that highlight real-world applications of preceptimitry in various pharmacy settings. With a focus on enhancing the learning experience for both preceptors and students, this presentation is a valuable resource for anyone looking to improve their preceptorship skills and contribute to the advancement of the pharmacy profession.

Riham A / Sharjah

10 years of teaching experience

Qualification: Master Degree of Clinical Pharmacy

Teaches: English, Biology, Pharmacology, IELTS, IGCSE/AS/AL, Chemistry, Science

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  1. PRECEPTIMITRY BY SPECIALIST CLINICAL PHARMACIST RIHAM ADEL ABD ELHAFIEZ Master Degree of Clinical Pharmacy-Helwan University-EGYPT PG certificate of Clinical Pharmacy- Queen's University-UK • Diploma Degree of Hospital Pharmacy - Cairo University- EGYPT • Diploma Degree of Cosmetics Manufacturing - Cairo University - EGYPT • Bachelor Degree of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing - MUST- EGYPT
  2. PRECIPITIMETRY IT IS A TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN WHICH THE COMPOUND TO BE ANALYZED IS ABLE TO FORM INSOLUBLE PRODUCT PRECIPITATE (PPT.) WHEN TREATED WITH CERTAIN REAGENTS KNOWN AS PRECIPITATING AGENTS. THE PRECIPITATE MUST BE SPARINGLY SOLUBLE AND FORMED QUICKLY. -TO UNDERSTAND PRECIPITATION REACTIONS THE FOLLOWING TOPICS SHOULD BE STUDIED. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT (KSP). PRECIPITATE FORMATION. FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION. COMMON ION EFFECT i)
  3. SOLUBILITY PRODUC SOLUBILITY PRODUCT(SP) IS THE PRODUCT OF THE MOLAR CONCENTRATIONS OF THE IONS, EACH CONCENTRATION BEING RAISED TO A POWER EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF IONS DERIVED FROM THE IONIZATION OF ONE MOLECULE OF THE ORIGINAL SUBSTANCE. - EXAMPLES: AGCL =AG+ + CL- SOLUBILITY PRODUCT (KSP) AGCL [AG+] LCL-I AG2CR04 = 2AG+ + CR04-2 (KSP) AG2CR04 = [AG+] 2 [CR04-2] -CALCULATE THE KSP OF AGCL IF YOU KNOW THAT THE SOLUBILITY OF IT IN WATER IS G/L AND ITS M.WT. - G/MOL MOLAR CONCENTRATION = / = 1.05 X 10-5 (KSP) AGCL = [AG+] LCL-I - (1.05 X 10-5 ) (1.05 x 10-5) = 1.1 x 10-10
  4. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CALCULATE THE SOLUBILITY OF AG2CR04. (KSP 2.4 X 10-12, M.WT - Ag2CrO Ag+ + Cr042- if A is the molar solubility Ksp [2A]2 [A] Ksp [A] 2.4 x 10-12 4A3 2.4 x 10-12 2 A 8.4 x mol/ L The solubility 8.4 x 10-5 x gm/L
  5. SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CALCULATE THE KSP OF IF YOU KNOW THAT THE SOLUBILITY = G/L (M.WT. = G/MOL) Calculate the solubility of Agl (Ksp 0.9x10-16, M.wt.=235 g/mol).
  6. PRECIPITATE FORMATION THE PPT. IS FORMED WHEN THE PRODUCT OF IONS CONCENTRATIONS EXCEED THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE. -DISSOLVING THE FORMED PPT.: THE PPT. IS DISSOLVED BY MAKING THE PRODUCT OF IONS CONCENTRATION BELOW THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT OF THE PRECIPITATE. FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION -WHEN A PRECIPITATING AGENT IS ADDED SLOWLY TO A SOLUTION CONTAINING TWO IONS CAPABLE OF BEING PRECIPITATED BY THE AGENT, THE SUBSTANCE WITH THE LOWER KSP WILL PRECIPITATE FIRST FOLLOWED BY THE ONE HAVING HIGHER KSP. EXAMPLE: SOLUTION OF BA+2 AND SR+2 IONS, UPON THE ADDITION OF H2S04, BAS04 OF (LOWER KSP) WILL PRECIPITATE FIRST, THEN SRS04 (HIGHER KSP)
  7. COMMON ION EFFECT - COMMON ION IS AN ION SIMILAR TO ONE OF THE IONS OF WEAK ELECTROLYTE PRESENT IN SOLUTION. - COMMON ION HAS A PRONOUNCED EFFECT ON THE WEAK ELECTROLYTES. A - EFFECT ON IONIZATION: IONIZATION OF WEAK ELECTROLYTE MAY BE STRONGLY REDUCED BY THE PRESENCE OF A COMMON ION. -EXAMPLE: CH3COOH 1--1+ + CH3COO- HCL H+ + CL- IONIZATION OF CH3COOH DECREASES BY ADDING H+ OR CH3COO- AND THE EQUILIBRIUM SHIFTED TO LEFT. B -EFFECT ON PRECIPITATION: IT IS CLEAR THAT THE ADDITION OF COMMON ION WILL DECREASE THE SOLUBILITY OF THE SALT AND INCREASE ITS PRECIPITATION. E.G. ADDITION OF AG+ OR CL- TO A SATURATED SOLUTION OF AGCL AGCL = AG+ + CL- PPT IONS (SOLUBLE) -THE PRESENCE OF AG+ OR CL- IN THE SOLUTION AS COMMON ION WILL SHIFT THE REACTION TO LEFT AND ACCORDINGLY THE CONCENTRATION OF IONIZED PART OF AGCL DECREASED.
  8. DETECTION OF END POINT 1 PRECIPITIMETRY l. NO INDICATOR METHOD A- DISAPPEARANCE OF PPT. PRINCIPLE THE PPT. FORMED DURING TITRATION IS REDISSOLVED BY THE TITRANT. THE END POINT IS DETECTED BY DISAPPEARANCE OF TURBIDITY. EXAMPLE: DET. OF AG+ BY STANDARD CN- THE FIRST DROP OF ADDITION OF ST. CN- TITRANT AGCN IS FORMED PRECIPITATION IS CONTINUED UNTIL ALL AG+ IS PPTED. AS AGCN. ADDING MORE CN- WILL FORM THE SOLUBLE ARGENTO CYANIDE COMPLEX. AG+ + CN- AGCNL?] AGCNN + CN- = THE PROCESS IS CONTINUED UNTIL ALL AGCN IS DISSOLVED AS SOLUBLE COMPLEX. THE END POINT IS THE DISAPPEARANCE OF LAST TRACE OF TURBIDITY.
  9. DETECTION OF END POINT IN PRECIPITIMETRY B- APPEARANCE OF PPT. (LIEBEG'S METHOD) PRINCIPLE THIS METHOD DEPENDS ON FORMATION OF COMPLEX. THE END POINT IS DETECTED BY THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST TURBIDITY. EXAMPLE: DET. OF CN- BY ST. AG+ 1 ST. AG+ TITRANT IS ADDED TO CN- SOL N. AG PPT. 2) THE PPT. THEN REDISSOLVE AS SOLUBLE COMPLEX. 3) TITRATION IS CONTINUED TILL ALL CN- FORM SOLUBLE ARGENTOCYANIDE. AGCN + KCN = 4) THE FIRST XSS. OF AG+ ADDED WI FORM SILVER ARGENTOCYANIDE. + AG+ = AG + K+ INSOLUBLE OR 2 AGCN
  10. LIEBEGUS METHOD KCN + AGN03 AGCN21 + KN03 AGCN + KCN = KCN + AGN03 = KN03 1+ AGN03 2 AGCN + KN03 5) THE END POINT IS DETECTED BY THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST TURBIDITY. TO MAKE END POINT MORE CLEAR WE ADD l- WHICH FORMS WITH PRECIPITATING AGENT MORE INSOLUBLE SALT. THIS MODIFICATION IS KNOWN AS DENIGE'S MODIFICATION. ADD l- IN AMMONIACAL MEDIUM TO DETECT THE END POINT AS YELLOW TURBIDITY OF AGI BECAUSE AGI IS INSOLUBLE IN AMMONIA AND HAS LOWER KSP THAN AGCN I.E. AGI IS PPTED. AT THE END POINT IN PLACE OF AGCN
  11. ETECTION OF END POINT IN PRECIPITIMETRY Il -USING INDICATOR METHODS: -FORMATION OF COLORED PPT.: E.G. MOHR'S METHOD -FORMATION OF COLORED SOLN.: E.G. VOLHARD'S METHOD -USING ADSORPTION INDICATORS.: E.G. FAJAN'S METHOD -MOHR'S METHOD -IT IS A DIRECT METHOD USED FOR DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE CHLORIDE AND BROMIDE SALTS BY TITRATION WITH STANDARD SOLUTION OF AGN03 , IN NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLY ALKALINE MEDIUM AT PH 7-9, USING K2CR04 SOLUTION AS INDICATOR. -END POINT AFTER COMPLETE PRECIPITATION OF HALIDE WITH AGN03, THE FIRST EXCESS DROP OF AGN03 WILL PRECIPITATE CR04-AS BRICK RED PPT. AG2CR04 NACL + AGN03 -+ AGCL (PPT.) +NAN03 K2CR04 + 2AGN03 AG2CR04 +NAN03
  12. MOHR'S METHOD THE MEDIUM MUST BE NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLY ALKALINE (PH 7- In acidic medium: formation of soluble acid chromate and dichromate 2 Cro 1--1+ 2 HCr04- = Cr2072- + H20 In strongly alkaline medium: silver ppted. as its oxide 212 2 AgOH = Ag20 + H20 2 Ag OH It is not used for l- & CNS- which adsorb Cr042- (no Ag2Cr04 is for at E.p.), and yellow colour of Agl render the end point It is not used for det. of halides in presence of C032- which are ppted. in neutral medium. Titration should be carried out at room temp. because soluble in hot water. difficult. P043- & o Ag2Cr is te more
  13. DETECTION OF END POINT IN PRECIPITIMETRY Volhard's method IT IS AN INDIRECT METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF HALID IN AN ACIDIC MEDIUM (HN03 ). A known excess of standard AgN03 solution is added to the soluble halides, filter and acidify the filtrate with HN03 Residual AgN03 is back titrated with standard SC N- in presence of (Fe+3) ferric alum as indicator. End point is detected by the appearance of red color of Fe(SCN)3 or NaCl AgNO AgCl (ppt.) NaN03 AgN03 (xss) + KSCN -5 AgSCN (ppt.) KN03 At end point : Fe SCN- -4 (red color) The method can be used for direct determination and SC N- by Ag+ in an acidic medium of Ag+ b
  14. VOLHARD'S METHOD THE TITRATION MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN ACIDIC MEDIUM ( (i) the formed ppt. is insoluble in HN03. (ii) prevent pptn. of Ag+ and Fe3+ as AgOH or Fe(OH)3i a line medium. Filtration is very necessary to prevent attacking the for d gCl[21 ppt. by to the Ksp of AgCNS (Ksp = 7 x 10-13) is less than that o Therefore after the CNS- reacts with all Ag+, it will disp ac form the more insoluble AgCNS. AgCl + CNS AgCNS + Cl- This problem can also be avoided by adding nitrobenzen particles of ppt. by a thin film which protect the ppt. fr Volhard method was used for the det. of Ag+ by direct t presence of HN03 using ferric alum as indicator. I (Ksp = 1.2x1 n u 0). n th
  15. DETECTION OF END POINT IN PRECIPITIMETRY ADSORPTION INDICATORS FAJAN IN 1889 DISCO CERTAIN DYES CHANGE THEIR COLOR WHEN AD R PRECIPITATE. SUCH COMPOUNDS ARE CALLED A so INDICATORS. -THEY ARE EITHER WEAK ACIDS E.G. FLUORESCE N WEAK BASES E.G. RHODAMINE 6G -EXAMPLES OF ADSORPTION INDICATORS -FLUO DETERMINATION OF CL- AND BR-, COLOR CHAN GREEN TO PINK. -EOSIN: USED FOR DETERMINATION OF CL-, BR- CHANGE FORM ORANGE RED TO BLUISH RED. -RHODAMINE: USED FOR DETERMINATION OF AG+ CHANGE FROM ORANGE RED TO VIOLET. ED TO PTION HE COLOR o
  16. FAJANUS METHOD IT IS A DIRECT METHOD USED FOR DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE CL-, BR- , l- AND SCN- IN NEUTRAL MEDIUM BY TITRATION WITH STANDARD SOLUTION OF AGN03 , IN PRESENCE OF AN ADSORPTION INDICATOR AS FLUORESCEIN. -THE METHOD IS USED FOR DETERMINATION OF BR AND I - IN AN ACIDIC MEDIUM, USING EOSIN AS INDICATOR. -THE METHOD IS USED FOR DETERMINATION OF AG BY TITRATION WITH STANDARD SOLUTION OF BR- I AN ACIDIC MEDIUM USING RHODAMINE AS INDICATOR

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