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Ras Al Khaimah

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS IN LIVING ORGANISMS

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Published in: Biology
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In this power point you will get information about biological molecules, movement of substances in and out of the cell. The main segment over here which you will be able to find is about nutrition, Respiration, Gaseous exchange, transportation, excretion, coordination and response.

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  1. STRUCTURE AND FUCTIONS IN LIVING ORGANISMS BY WARDAH MUHAMMAD
  2. Section 2 Structures and functions in living organisms Content a) Levels of organisation b) Cell structure c) Biological molecules d) Movement of substances into and out of cells e) Nutrition f) Respiration g) Gas exchange h) Transport i) Excretion j) Coordination and response
  3. Content f) Respiration 2.33 understand that the process of respiration releases energy in living organisms 2.34 describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration 2.35 write the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms 2.36 write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals 2.37 describe experiments to investigate the evolution of carbon dioxide and heat from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms.
  4. Content g) Gas exchange 2.38 understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange Flowering plants 2.39 understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation to respiration and photosynthesis 2.40 understand that respiration continues during the day and night, but that the net exchange Of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of light 2.41 explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange 2.42 describe the role of stomata in gas exchange 2.43 describe experiments to investigate the effect of light on net gas exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator Humans 2.44 describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranes 2.45 understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilation 2.46 explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries 2.47 understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease 2.48 describe experiments to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing in humans.
  5. What is respiration? What is gaseous exchange?
  6. What is respiration? Respiration is the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose, by combining it with oxygen inside living cells. What is gaseous exchange?
  7. What is respiration? Respiration is the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose, by combining it with oxygen inside living cells. What is gaseous exchange? Gaseous exchange is the movement of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) into and out of an organism.
  8. Respiration - Aerobic respiration - in the presence of oxygen. Involves the complete breakdown of glucose. Provides more energy. End products in animals and plants: carbon dioxide and water two sorts
  9. Respiration - two sorts Aerobic respiration - in the Anaerobic respiration - in the presence of oxygen. absence of oxygen. Involves the complete Involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose. breakdown of glucose. Provides more energy. Provides less energy. End products in animals and End product in animals - lactic plants: carbon dioxide and acid. End product in plants - ethanol water
  10. Aerobic respiration Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
  11. Aerobic respiration Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H1206 + 602 6C02 + 6H20 + energy
  12. Aerobic respiration Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy C6H1206 + 602 6C02 + 6H20 + energy What do you notice?
  13. Photosynthesis 6C02 Light + 6H20 CHO + 602 6 12 6 Chlorophyll
  14. Glucose Blood capillary Muscle cell
  15. Blood capillary Glucose Glucose 000 + Oxygen Muscle cell Glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the muscle cell
  16. Blood capillary Glucose Glucose + Oxygen -5 Deoxygenated red blood cells 000 Carbon dioxide + Water Muscle cell Glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the muscle cell Carbon dioxide and water diffuse from the muscle cell into the blood
  17. Blood capillary Glucose Glucose + Oxygen Deoxygenated red blood cells 000 Energy Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the muscle cell Muscle cell Energy is used for muscle contraction Carbon dioxide and water diffuse from the muscle cell into the blood
  18. Levels of Organisation A. Cells
  19. Levels of Organisation A. Cells O O Mitochondria organelles inside the cell where cellular respiration takes place. They absorb glucose and oxygen, release the energy and then convert it into forms that are usable by the cell. Mitochondria are more numerous in active cells such as muscle cells.
  20. Why anaerobic respiration? If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic respiration, why do cells bother? Sometimes our muscles are working so hard that the lungs and bloodstream cannot deliver oxygen fast enough, so the muscles must respire anaerobically. This can lead to a build up of lactic acid in the muscle.
  21. Why anaerobic respiration? If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic respiration, why do cells bother? A lactic acid build-up in muscles can result in cramp, an unpleasant and often painful sensation caused by muscle contraction or over- shortening.
  22. Why anaerobic respiration? If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic respiration, why do cells bother? In order to break down the lactic acid the body needs more oxygen -Y OXYGEN DEBT
  23. Why anaerobic respiration? If it is so inefficient compared with aerobic respiration, why do cells bother? Male Female Event % aerobic % anaerobic % aerobic % anaerobic 5k 2 mile I mile 800m 400m 88 84 76 60 43 12 16 23 39 57 90 88 86 70 45 10 12 14 30 55
  24. Anaerobic respiration in plants
  25. Anaerobic respiration in plants Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
  26. Anaerobic respiration in plants Glucose ethanol 6 12 6 + carbon dioxide + energy 2C2H50H + 2C02
  27. Anaerobic respiration in plants Glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy CH O 2C2H50H + 2C02 6 12 6 In plants, anaerobic respiration (respiration without oxygen) is known as fermentation. This process is commonly used to our advantage in the production of beer and ales, and wine.
  28. Aerobic v Anaerobic
  29. Aerobic v Anaerobic AEROBIC A very efficient method of producing energy. ANAEROBIC Inefficient (incomplete breakdown of glucose) - releases 1/ 20th energy compared to aerobic.
  30. Aerobic v Anaerobic AEROBIC A very efficient method of producing energy. Occurs during normal daily activity. ANAEROBIC Inefficient (incomplete breakdown of glucose) - releases 1/ 20th energy compared to aerobic. Produces energy much faster over a short time period. Eg. sprinting
  31. Aerobic v AEROBIC A very efficient method of producing energy. Occurs during normal daily activity. Produces energy more slowly than anaerobic. Anaerobic ANAEROBIC Inefficient (incomplete breakdown of glucose) - releases 1/ 20th energy compared to aerobic. Produces energy much faster over a short time period. Eg. sprinting Build-up of waste products eventually stops the muscle from working
  32. Content g) Gas exchange 2.38 understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange Flowering plants 2.39 understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation to respiration and photosynthesis 2.40 understand that respiration continues during the day and night, but that the net exchange Of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of light 2.41 explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange 2.42 describe the role of stomata in gas exchange 2.43 describe experiments to investigate the effect of light on net gas exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator Humans 2.44 describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranes 2.45 understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilation 2.46 explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries 2.47 understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease 2.48 describe experiments to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing in humans.
  33. What is respiration? Respiration is the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose, by combining it with oxygen inside living cells. What is gaseous exchange? Gaseous exchange is the movement of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) into and out of an organism.
  34. What is gaseous exchange? Gaseous exchange is the movement of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) into and out of an organism. Gaseous exchange is brought about by the actions of the breathing system (also referred to in some textbooks as the respiratory system)
  35. The Breathing System
  36. The Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing
  37. The Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing
  38. The Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Rib muscles - the intercostals. Raise and lower the rib cage Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing
  39. The Breathing System Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Rib muscles - the intercostals. Raise and lower the rib cage Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing Left lung
  40. The Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Rib muscles - the intercostals. Raise and lower the rib cage Diaphragm — a sheet of muscle used in the mechanism of breathing Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing Left lung
  41. The Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Rib muscles - the intercostals. Raise and lower the rib cage Right bronchus — a branch of the trachea Diaphragm — a sheet of muscle used in the mechanism of breathing Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing Left lung
  42. The Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Rib muscles - the intercostals. Raise and lower the rib cage Right bronchus — a branch of the trachea Diaphragm — a sheet of muscle used in the mechanism of breathing Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing Left lung Bronchiole - a smaller branch of the bronchus
  43. The Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Rib muscles - the intercostals. Raise and lower the rib cage Right bronchus — a branch of the trachea Diaphragm — a sheet of muscle used in the mechanism of breathing Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing Left lung Bronchiole - a smaller branch of the bronchus Alveoli - clusters of grape-like air sacs where gas exchange takes place
  44. The Ribs — these protect the contents of the thorax. There are 12 pairs of ribs in both men and women. Rib muscles - the intercostals. Raise and lower the rib cage Right bronchus — a branch of the trachea Diaphragm — a sheet of muscle used in the mechanism of breathing Breathing System Trachea — surrounded by rings of cartilage to stop it collapsing Left lung Bronchiole - a smaller branch of the bronchus Alveoli - clusters of grape-like air sacs where gas exchange takes place
  45. Alveolus (plural alveoli) Where oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the lungs and the blood stream.
  46. Bronchiole Alveolus There are millions of alveoli in each lung, very close to blood capillaries
  47. Bronchiole Alveolus 1. Deoxygenated blood flow from the tissues, rich in carbon dioxide
  48. 2. Bronchiole Alveolus Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood stream into the alveoli, and then into the bronchiole
  49. Bronchiole Alveolus 3. Oxygen diffuses from the bronchiole into the alveoli and then into the red blood cells.
  50. Bronchiole Alveolus 4. Oxygenated blood now leaves the alveoli and carries oxygen to the tissues. 4
  51. Bronchiole Alveolus Features of the alveoli:
  52. Bronchiole Alveolus Features of the alveoli: 1. A very large, moist surface area.
  53. Alveolus Bronchiole Features of the alveoli: 1. A very large, moist surface area. 2. An excellent capillary blood supply
  54. Bronchiole Alveolus Features of the alveoli: 1. A very large, moist surface area. 2. An excellent capillary blood supply 3. Very thin cell membrane separating blood and lung
  55. Ventilation INHALATION = taking air into the lungs EXHALATION = removing air from the lungs
  56. Ventilation IN Nitrogen 79% Oxygen 21% Carbon dioxide 0.04% OUT Nitrogen 79% Oxygen 16% Carbon dioxide 4%
  57. Diaphragm moves downwards and becomes flatter. Ventilation BREATHING IN Rib cage moves upwards and outwards. Overall effect: volume of the thorax increases, pressure decreases, so air is drawn IN
  58. Diaphragm moves upwards and becomes dome shaped. Ventilation BREATHING OUT Rib cage moves downwards and inwards. Overall effect: volume of the thorax decreases, pressure increases, so air is pushed OUT
  59. Content g) Gas exchange 2.38 understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange Flowering plants 2.39 understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation to respiration and photosynthesis 2.40 understand that respiration continues during the day and night, but that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of light 2.41 explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange 2.42 describe the role of stomata in gas exchange 2.43 describe experiments to investigate the effect of light on net gas exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator Humans 2.44 describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranes 2.45 understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilation 2.46 explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries 2.47 understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease 2.48 describe experiments to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing in humans.
  60. Leaf adaptations Cross section through a leaf Inter-cellular air spaces 00 Lower idermis - note the presence here of stomata (tiny pores surrounded by guard cells).
  61. Leaf adaptations Cross section through a leaf Lower idermis - note the presence here of stomata (tiny pores surrounded by guard cells).
  62. Leaf adaptations Cross section through a leaf Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released direct from cells to air spaces during respiration.
  63. Gaseous exchange in plants 6C02 + 6H20 CH O + 602 6 12 6 CHO 6 12 6 602 -5 6C02 + 6H20
  64. Gaseous exchange in plants 6C02 + C6H120 HO + 602 6 12 6 6C02 + 6H20
  65. Oxygen production
  66. Oxygen production
  67. Oxygen production
  68. Oxygen production
  69. Oxygen production
  70. o 12 mi nig photosynthesis 12 mid-day Time of Day 12 midnight respiration
  71. Compensat on point Co o 12 mi nig ensation oint 12 midnight 12 mid-day Time of Day
  72. End of Section 2 Lesson 4 In this lesson we have covered: Respiration Gaseous exchange
  73. N/A

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