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Presentation On Simple Molecules And Covalent Bonds

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Published in: Chemistry
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This PPT is suitable for the IGCSE and O Level Chemistry students. It only provides theoretical background of the topic. The practice questions, worksheets and topical questions will be discussed during the tutoring sessions

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  1. Simple Molecules and Covalent Bonds Chemistry (IGCSE / O-Level)
  2. What will you learn in this lesson? • Covalent bonding between atoms of non-metal elements and compounds formed by non-metals • Formation of covalent bonds simple molecules, including H2, C12, H20, CH4, NH3, HC/, CH30H, C2H4, 02, C02 and N2. Also, using dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic configurations in these molecules • Properties of simple molecular compounds in terms of structure and bonding
  3. Chemical Bonding • The strong forces that holds atoms (or ions) together in various structures that chemical substance can form • Chemical bonding involves the outer electrons of each atom • There are three types of chemical bonding: 1. Covalent bonding 2. Ionic bonding 3. Metallic bonding
  4. Covalent Bonding • Chemical bonding formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the atoms • For non-metallic elements the type of bonding involved is covalent bonding • Covalent bonding is also used in compounds between one non-metal and the other • The bond between the atoms is strong but the intermolecular forces are weak Why noble gases are not found in molecular form such as Hez like H2 and 02?
  5. Simple Molecular Elements Each atom of hydrogen gains a share of two electrons and electronic configuration similar to helium is formed The force of attraction between the shared electrons and nuclei are greater than any repulsive forces a shared pair of electrons makes a covalent bond Main Features: Bond is formed by sharing the pair of electrons between two atoms, leading to noble gas electronic configurations Each atom contributes one electron to each bond Molecules are formed from atoms linked together by covalent bonds two hydrogen atoms hydrogen molecule (H2) displayed formula
  6. Dot-and-Cross Diagram A diagram drawn to represent the bonding in a molecule or the electrons in an ion. Usually only the outer electrons are shown and they are represented by dots and crosses depending on which atom they are from two chlorine atoms CI—CI chlorine molecule (each chlorine is now 2,818) 019
  7. Dot-and-Cross Diagram (contd.) methane(CHO four hyåogen) carbon atom methane Each 5yd@gen now Shares With
  8. Dot-and-Cross Diagram (contd.) Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple molecules using dot-and-cross diagram Ill. NH ll. C12 H20 3 HCI Chlorine (Cl) is Group Vll element (halogen) Hydrogen (H) is Group I element Oxygen (O) is Group VI element Carbon (C) is Group IV and Nitrogen (N) is Group V element
  9. Simple Molecular Element (with bonds) Multiple covalent bond can exist between molecules of elements Oxygen (O) is Group VI and Nitrogen is Group V element 02 nitrogen, N, displayed formula üplayed formula
  10. Simple Molecular Element (with bonds) Multiple covalent bonds can also exist in compounds (C02) O carbon atom ccaÆon dioxide mdfecdle/CÖi) twojoxygen)
  11. Simple Molecular Element (with bonds) Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple molecules using dot-and-cross diagram l. Methanol (CH30H) ll. Ethene (C2H4)
  12. Properties of Covalent Bonds if simple covalent Compou Often liquids or gases at room temperature and have low melting points and boiling points Do not conduct electricity sons for these They are made of simple covalent molecules. The forces between the molecules (intermolecular forces) are only very weak. Not much energy is needed to move the molecules further apart. There are no free electrons or ions present to carry the electrical current.

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