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Presentation On Force, Friction And Elastic Deformation

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Published in: Physics
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This PPT is suitable for the IGCSE and O Level Physics students. It only provides theoretical background of the topic. The practice questions, worksheets and topical questions will be discussed during the tutoring sessions

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  1. Force, Friction and Elastic Deformation Physics (IGCSE / O-Level)
  2. What will you learn in this lesson? • Knowing that forces may produce changes in the size and shape of an object • Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line or at an angle • Solid friction and drag • Sketch, plot and interpret load—extension graphs for an elastic solid with the associated experimental procedures • Spring constant • Limit of proportionality for a load—extension graph and identify this point on the graph 3
  3. Force Acceleration The force (F) is required to move mass (m) with acceleration (a) If mass is doubled, the force required to move the cart with same acceleration (a) is also doubled Mass is the property of object that resists change in motion masq force force mass acceleration netwon, N kilogram, kg metres per second squared m/s2 The force and acceleration vectors are in the same direction either the motion is in straight line or circular (towards the center of circle) 3
  4. Unbalanced Forces Produce Motion The resultant force is the single force that has the same effect as two or more forces. resultant force = 600 N —400 N = to the right This resultant force will make the car accelerate to the right, but not as much as if there was no air resistance. resultant force 600 N —600 N ON Forces on the car are balanced. There is no resultant force and so the car no longer accelerates. It continues at a constant speed in a straight line, 3 air resistance push of engine, 6m N
  5. Friction friction Friction opposes motion. Think about the in Which an object is moving (or trying to move). Fricton acts in tie opposite direction. resistance Driver wants to stop the car making use of solid friction (between break pad and break disk). Solid friction exists even when the surfaces are not moving. Even on ice where coefficient of friction is very low as compared to concrete Air resistance or drag the force, of f fiction when an object movesürouoh air or water. Two bodies direct contact with each other experience solid friction. Solid friction may impede motion and can produce heating
  6. Friction (contd.) • Is there friction exists between your shoes and ice? • Why do you slip on ice not on concrete?
  7. Force Vector Addition If two or more forces act along the straight line, the resultant force will also act along the same line _B50-N resultant%rce 500N— N ISO Nto right 3
  8. Force Vector Addition (contd.) If two or more force (vectors) act at different directions. The resultant force can be found using vector triangle (graphical representation of vectors) Rules of vector Addition: Draw arrows end-to-end, so that the end of one is the start of the next. Choose a scale that gives a large triangle. Join the start of the first arrow to the end of the last arrow to find the resultant. 3
  9. Force Vector Addition (contd.) Step l: Look at the diagram. The two forces are 4.0 N horizontally and 3.0 N vertically. Step 2: Draw a scale diagram to represent these forces, as follows. In the diagram we are using a scale of I.Ocm to represent I.ON. • Draw a horizontal arrow, 4.0 cm long, to represent the 4.0 N force. Mark it with an arrow to show its direction. • Using the end Of this arrow as the Start Of the next arrow, draw a vertical arrow, 30 cm long, to represent the 3.0N force. Step 3: Complete the triangle by drawing an arrow from the start of the first arrow to the end of the second arrow. This arrow represents the resultant force. Step 4: Measure the arrow, and use the scale to determine the size of the force it represents. (You could also calculate this using Pythagoras' theorem. ) • length of line = 5.0 cm • resultant force = 5.0N Step 5: Use a protractor to measure the angle of the force. (You could also calculate this angle using trigonometry.) • angle of force 370 below horizontal So the resultant force acting on the rocket is 5.0 N acting at 37 below the horizontal. The rocket will be given an acceleration in this direction.
  10. Spring Deformation Springs are designed to stretch a long way when a small force is applied, so it is easy to measure how their length changes Load is the force (usually weight) that acts on a mechanical system, such as spring or lever etc. Load is connected and increased gradually at one end of spring to observe the effect of stretch and deformity 3 If load is increased that causes deformation more than this point, it will be a permanent damage to spring
  11. Extension of Spring As the force stretching the spring increases, it gets longer. It is important to consider the increase in length of the spring. This quantity is known as the extension Length of Stretched Spring = Original Length of Spring + Extension Experiment is carried out to observe the change is spring length by increasing load 24.0 25.2 25.8 26.4 27.0 27.6 28.6 29.5 Observe the change in extension
  12. Load-Extension Graph At this point the spring is deformed permanently and can not regain its original shape even after the load is removed o 2.0 40 6.0 Extension / cm
  13. Limit of Proportionality & Spring constant The extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded. This is also known as Hook's law spring constant = Spring constant defines the stiffness of the spring. The higher value of stiffness (k), the bigger load is required to change its length and steeper the gradient of load-extension graph 3 b limit Of prgportionality limit of proportionality What does this part of the graph show? Extension

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