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Notes On States Of Matter

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Published in: Chemistry
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Notes on States of Matter

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  1. Chemistry (0620/5070) States of Matter
  2. What will you learn in this lesson? • Properties of solids, liquids and gases • Structures of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and motion • Changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporating, freezing and condensing • Effects of temperature and pressure on the volume of a gas. Also, in terms of kinetic particle theory • Changes of state in terms of kinetic particle theory, including the interpretation of heating and cooling curves • Diffusion in terms of kinetic particle theory • Effect of relative molecular mass on the rate of diffusion of gases
  3. Matter • Anything that has mass and occupies space • It can be solid, liquid or gas • It can be element, compound or mixture • It is made up of particles i.e. atoms, molecules and ions
  4. States of Matter (Change of state when increasing temperature at Atmospheric pressure) Definite shape Definite volume No definite volume (adapt to the Shape Of container) No definite shape (spread throughout the container) •olid 04.04 Melting Freezing or Solidification Liquid Definite volume No definite shape (adapt to the Shape Of ccmtginer)
  5. States of Matter Melting Point Freezing Point Increasing Temperature Liquid Boiling Point Evaporation Solid For pure substance Melting Point = Freezing Point Decreasing Temperature Evaporation takes place at the surface of liquid while boiling takes place throughout the liquid Gas Boiling point of liquid also depends on the pressure exerted by its surrounding
  6. States of Matter (Effect of Temperature and pressure on Volume Of Gases) EFFECT OF PRESSURE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE Volume (VI) Temperature (Tl) Volume (V2) Temperature (T2)
  7. States of Matter (Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Volume of Gases) Is it possible to convert the gas into liquid without cooling or any change in temperature?
  8. Pure Substances Pure Substances Oxygen Methane Ethanol Copper Physical State at room temperature (25 oc) Gas Gas Liquid Solid hich gas is more volatile? Melting Point (in "C) -219 -182 -117 1083 Boiling Point (in oc) -183 -164 78 2600 Notice that the solids melt and boil above room temperature, the liquids melt below room temperature and boil above room temperature, and the gases melt and boil below room temperature. Impure Substance (substance that contain impurities) doesn't have fixed melting and boiling point. They melt and boil over a range of temperatures
  9. • Heating Curve Heating & Cooling Curves 150 50 • Cooling Curve Boiling Point Melting Point A D c Boiling Liquid + Cas Gas + Liquid Condensation Liquid reezlng Melting Solid Liquid t B 5 10 15 20 25 30 4 35 Time (s)
  10. Kinetic Particle Theory • All matter is made up of vey small particles (atoms, molecules or ions) • Particles are moving all the time (the higher the temperature, the higher will be the average energy of particle) • Freedom of movement and arrangement of particles is different for the three states of matter • Pressure of the gas produces by the hitting of atoms or molecules of the gas to the walls of container. The more often particles collide with the walls the higher the pressure of gas.
  11. Kinetic Particle Theory (contd.) Separation of particles Arrangement of Particles Movement of Particles Solid Closely packed Regular pattern (lattice) Vibrate on the spot Liquid Closely packed Random arrangement Move around each other Gas Far apart Random arrangement Move quickly in all directions 0 00000
  12. Kinetic Particle Theory (contd.) When liquids are heated: 1. 2. 3. 4. Particles gain energy, moves faster and the liquid expands Some particles have enough energy to escape from the surface of liquid (evaporation) When particles gain more energy, more particles try to escape (higher temperature more evaporation) Eventually it breaks the forces that attracting the particles. So particle move freely and randomly (boiling) 0 00000 0 00000 000000 When solids are heated: 1. 2. 3. Particles gain energy, vibrates more strongly Occupy more space that allows the solid to expand Eventually particles have enough energy to break the lattice and move randomly (melting) Increasing Temperature
  13. Effect on Volume of Gas (in terms of Kinetic Particle Theory) • What will be the effect of temperature on volume of gas? • What will be the effect of pressure on volume of gas?
  14. • Heating Curve Intermolecular forces decrease Eva poration Bo iling Melting c Energy Absorbed b Particles t Heating and Cooling Curves (in terms of particles) 150 50 • Cooling curve Intermolecular forces increase Condensation 100 Energy Released by particles (exot rmic chan s) reezlng 5 10 15 20 25 Time (s) 30 35
  15. Diffusion in Fluids • The movement of particles from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration is called diffusion • Rate of diffusion is much lower in liquids as compared to gases • In solid, particles don't move. So, the diffusion doesn't take place • Diffusion is an important aspect of life particularly for the smells
  16. Diffusion in Fluids (contd.) Watch these video then answer the questions on next slide: Chemistry DIFFUSION' OF GASES https://www.youtube.com/watch
  17. Diffusion in Fluids (contd.) 1. 2. 3. 4. Why Ammonia (NH3) travelled faster? Would the diffusion occur in vacuum? Would the diffusion occur if sugar is mixed in water (Remember all liquids and gases are fluids)? What will be the effect of temperature on diffusion?

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