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Dubai

Biologica Classification Part 2

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Published in: Biology
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CBSE Class XI biology

Anitha K / Sharjah

3 years of teaching experience

Qualification: M.Sc, M.Phil in Zoology with biotechnology

Teaches: Biology, Environmental Science, Science

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  1. ??? ??? ??????
  2. Kingdom Plantae
  3. Plantae All eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly called Plants • Few are partially heterotrophic. Ex: Insectivores (Bladderwort and Venus fly trap) and parasitic plants (Cuscuta) Plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose Mainly includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Life cycle has two distinct phases - diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic, alternating each other The lengths of the haploid and diploid phases and whether these phases are free-living or dependent on others, vary among different groups This phenomenon is alternation of generation
  4. Kingdom Animalia
  5. Animalia Heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and lack cell walls • Directly or indirectly depends on plants for food Digest food in an internal cavity and stores food reserves as glycogen or fat • Mode of nutrition is holozoic (ingestion of food) • Follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that have definite shape and size Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism • Most can locomote • Sexual reproduction by copulation Of male and female followed by embryological development
  6. Viruses, viroids, prions and lichens
  7. Viruses • Not introduced in Five Kingdom classification Viruses - non-cellular organism, crystallisable, use host machinery to replicate and kill the host Dmitri Ivanowsky (1892) recognised microbes smaller than bacteria to cause T MV M W.Beijerinek (1898) demonstrated that the extract from infected plants of tobacco can infect healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium vivid fluidum (Infectious living fluid) W M.Stanley (1935) showed viruses could be crystallised and the crystals largely consists of proteins • Inert outside their specific host cells, hence obligate parasites
  8. Viruses Genetic material RNA or DNA but never both • A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious Plant versus has ssRNA and animals viruses have ssRNA/dsRNA or dsDNA, bacteriophages have dsDNA • Protein coat called capsid made Of small subunits called capsomeres, protects the nucleic acids These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral or geometric forms • Cause diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes, influenza and AIDS • In plants, symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth
  9. Head Capsid Tail fbres (?) ??????? Mosaic Virus (??? (?) Bacteriophage
  10. Viroids • In 1971, T.O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller viruses and caused potato spindle tuber disease • It was found to be free RNA • It lacked protein coat that is found in viruses and hence the name viroid The RNA of viroid was of low molecular weight
  11. Prions • In modern medicine certain infectious neurological diseases were found to be transmitted by an agent consisting of abnormally folded protein • Size similar to viruses and were called prions The most notable diseases caused by prions are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle and its analogous variant Cr-Jacob disease (CJD) in human
  12. Lichens • Lichens are symbionts between algae and fungi Algal component is phycobiont and fungal component is mycobiont, which are autotrophic and heterotrophic respectively Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner • Association is so close that it is hard to differentiate the 2 in the natural environment • Very good pollution indicators - do not grow in polluted areas
  13. Lichens
  14. N/A
  15. • Prokaryotic cell type seen in A. Euglenoids B Protista C. Blue green algae D. Golden algae
  16. A. B C. D. The phase in which a fungal cell has 2 nuclei per cell is Plasmogamy Karyogamy Dikaryon Dikaryophase
  17. • Example of ascomycetes is A. Aspergillus B Rhizopus C. Mucor D. Albugo
  18. • Bacteria that lives in extreme salt areas are called A. Methanogens B. Thermophiles C. Halophiles D. Thermoacidophiles
  19. A. B. c. D. Genetic material of plant viruses is ssRNA ssDNA dsDNA ssRNA and dsDNA

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