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Sharjah

Presentation On Biological Classification

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Published in: Biology
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PPT pdf file for class XI CBSE Biology

Anitha K / Sharjah

3 years of teaching experience

Qualification: M.Sc, M.Phil in Zoology with biotechnology

Teaches: Biology, Environmental Science, Science

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  1. ??? ??? ??????
  2. Introduction Aristotle - herbs, shrubs and trees; animals with red blood and not • Linnaeus - Two Kingdom classification, Plantae and Animalia (used for long time but inadequate) Classification required characteristics like cell structure, nature of wall, mode of nutrition, habitat, methods of reproduction, evolutionary relationships etc R.H. Whittaker (1969) - Five Kingdom classification, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia The three domain system has also been proposed that divides Kingdom Monera into two domains, leaving the eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain, thereby a six kingdom classification
  3. Characters Cell type Cell wall Nuclear membrane Body organisation Mode of nutrition Monera Prokaryotic Noncellulosic (Polysaccharide + amino acid) Absent Cellular Autotrophic (chemosyn- thetic and photosynthetic) and Hetero- trophic (sapro- phytic/para- sitic) Prot ista Eukaryotic Present in some Present Cellular Autotrophic (Photosyn- thetic) and Hetero- trophic Five Kingdoms Fungi Eukaryotic Present with chitin Present Multiceullar/ loose tissue Heterotrophic (Saprophytic/ Parasitic) Plant ae Eukaryotic Present (cellulose) Present Tissue/ organ Autotrophic (Photosyn- thetic) Animalia Eukaryotic Absent Present Tissue/organ/ organ system Heterotrophic (Holozoic/ Saprophytic etc.)
  4. Earlier bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms were under 'Plants' because of the presence of cell wall This kept prokaryotes-eukaryotes, unicellular-multicellular, autotrophs-heterotrophs together Then fungi was moves to Kingdom Fungi, Prokaryotes to Kingdom Monera and the unicellular eukaryotes under Kingdom Protista Such kind of changes will occur in future too depending on our improvement in our understanding of characteristics and evolutionary relationships • An attempt has been made to evolve a classification system which reflects not only the morphological, physiological and reproductive similarities but is also phylogenetic
  5. Kingdom Monera
  6. Monerans Bacteria - most abundant, can survive in extreme habitats, many of them are parasites 4 categories based on shape - coccus, bacillus, vibrium and spirillum • Simple structure but complex behaviour, show most extensive metabolic diversity • Some are autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) and most are heterotrophic Spore % o co 8000 0 Flagellum Vibrio
  7. Archaebacteria • Live in most harsh habitats • Halophiles (extreme salty areas), thermoacidophiles (hot springs) and methanogen (marshy areas) Methanogens seen in gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung Thermophiles philos in Yellowstone par
  8. Eubacteria True bacteria - presence of rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) - photosynthetic autotrophs, unicellular, colonial or filamentous, freshwater/ marine or terrestrial algae; colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath, often forms blooms in polluted water bodies; some can fix atmospheric N2 in specialised cells called heterocyst. Ex: Nostoc and anabaena Chemosynthetic autotrophs - oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrites, nitrates and ammonia for ATP production and thus in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur Heterotrophic bacteria - abundant; majority decomposers; milk curdling, production of antibiotics, fixing N2 in leguminous roots etc. some are pathogens Bacteria reproduce mainly by fission, under unfavorable conditions via spores and by conjugation Mycoplasma - organisms that completely lack a cell wall; smallest living cells known and can survive without 02; many are pathogenic
  9. N/A
  10. Kingdom Protista
  11. Protistans Single-celled eukaryotes, but boundaries of this Kingdom are not well defined Primarily aquatic • Forms link with the others dealing with plants, animals and fungi • Well defined nucleus and cell organelles • Some have flagella or cilia Reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation
  12. Chrysophytes • Includes diatoms and desmids (golden algae) • Fresh water as well as in marine, microscopic and float passively in water currents (Planktons), most are photosynthetic • In diatoms, cell wall forms thin overlapping shells , embedded with silica making the wall indestructible • Accumulation of diatoms deposits over billions of years is refers to as diatomaceous earth Being gritty this soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups • Diatoms - chief producers in the oceans
  13. Dinoflagellates • Mostly marine and photosynthetic Appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the pigments present • Cell wall has stiff cellular plates on the outer surface • Most of them have 2 flagella; one lies longitudinally and other transversely • Very often, red dinofiagellates undergo rapid multiplication that makes the sea appear red Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill other marine animals
  14. Euglenoids Majority fresh water found in stagnant water • Instead cell wall they have protein rich layer called pellicle which makes them flexible • Have 2 flagella, short and long Phototrophic in the presence of sunlight and heterotrophic in its absence Pigments of euglenoids are identical to those of higher plants. Ex: Euglena stigma(eye spot) contractile vacuole mitochondrion nucleus nucleolus photoreceptor — flagellum gdgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum
  15. Slime moulds Saprophytic protists - the body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing organic material Under suitable condition form aggregation called plasmodium which may grow and spread over several fee • During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips Spores possess true walls, extremely resistant and survive for many years, even under adverse conditions Spores are dispersed by air currents .4
  16. Protozoans Heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites • Believed to be primitive relatives Of animals and have 4 major groups Amoeboid protozoans - live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil; capture their prey by pseudopodia (amoeba); marine forms have silica shells on their surface; some are parasites (Entamoeba) Flagellated protozoans - free-living or parasitic; have flagella; parasitic form cause diseases such as sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma) Ciliated protozoans - aquatic, actively moving coz of residence of thousands of cilia; have cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface; the coordinated movement Of cilia causes the water laden with food to steer to the gullet. Ex: Paramecium Sporozoans - includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle. Ex: Malarial parasite Plasmodium
  17. Kingdom Fungi
  18. Fungi Heterotrophic organism, grows in warm and humid places Except unicellular yeasts, they are filamentous, with long, slender, thread like hyphae. Network Of hyphae is mycelium Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleate cytoplasm (coenocytic hyphae), while others have septae or cross walls in their hyphae Cell walls are made Of chitin and polysaccharides They are saprophytes, parasites or symbionts Reproduction takes place by vegetative means - fragmentation, fission and budding Asexual reproduction by spores called conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores and sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores Various spores produced in distinct structures called fruiting bodies
  19. Fungi The sexual cycle involves the following steps Plasmogamy - fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes • Karyogamy - fusion of two nuclei • Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores • In some fungi, fusion of 2 haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n) and in others (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n) occurs called dikaryon and the phase is called dikaryophase of fungus. Later the parental nuclei fuse and cells become diploid Fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs, leading to formation Of haploid spores The morphology of mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division Of kingdom into various classes
  20. Phycomycetes • In aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants Mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic • Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile) These spores are endogenously produced in sporangium A zygospore is formed by fusion of 2 gametes These gametes are similar in morphology (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous) • Ex: Rhizopus (bread mould) and Albugo (the parasitic fungi on mustard)
  21. Ascomycetes Commonly known as sac-fungi, multicellular (Penicillium) or rarely unicellular (Saccharomyces) Saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (grows on dung) Mycelium is branched and septate Asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously on conidiophores Conidia on germination produce mycelium Sexual spores (ascospores) produced endogenously in sac-like asci These asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps Ex: Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora (used extensively in biochemical and genetic work) Many members like morels and truffles are edible and considered delicacies
  22. Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, bracket fungi or puff balls Grows in soil, on logs and tree stumps and as parasites in living plants. Ex: rusts and smuts Mycelium is braced and septate Asexual spores are generally not found but reproduction by fragmentation is common Sex organs are absent but plasmogamy by fusion of 2 somatic cells of different strains or genotypes The resultant dikaryotic structure give rise to basidium Karyogamy and meiosis takes place in basidium producing 4 basidiospores Basidiospores are exogenously produced on the basidium Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps Ex: Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus)
  23. Deuteromycetes • Imperfect fungi and only asexual or vegetative phase are alone known • Once perfect (sexual) stages of members of deuteromycetes were discovered, they were often moved to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes • Reproduce only by asexual spores known as conidia Mycelium is septate and branched Some are saprophytes or parasites but most are decomposers of litter and help in mineral recycling. Ex: Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma
  24. Asp

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