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Dubai

Presentation On Particle Accelerators

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Published in: Engineering
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This ppt. contains the principle and the working of three particle accelerators:- 1. Linear accelerator. 2. Cyclotron. 3. Betatron.

Mohammed Z / Al Ain

3 years of teaching experience

Qualification: Bachelors of Science

Teaches: Electronics, Mathematics, Physics, English Language, Science, Social Studies, Maths, Chemistry

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  1. PARTICLE ACCELERATORS By Mohammed Zakir
  2. WHAT IS A LINEAR ACCELERATOR? A linear accelerator also known as linear particle accelerator has many applications as they generate X-rays and high energy electrons for medicinal purposes in radiation therapy, serve as particle iniectors for higher-energy accelerators, and are used directly to achieve the highest kinetic energy for light particles (electrons and positrons) for particle physics.
  3. WORKING A linear particle accelerator is a type Of particle accelerator that greatly increases the kinetic energy Of charged subatomic particles or ions by subiecting the charged particles to a series Of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline.
  4. Oscilator Cyandrical evacuated Orif Tubes posmve Source Ion source gives a bunch Of electrons which are then accelerated towards the first drift tube because Of their negative potential and drift tube's positive potential. When electrons come inside the tube, at that moment RF source shifts its polarity. First drift tube then becomes negatively charged and second drift tube positively charged. Electrons come outside Of the tube because Of its inertia and at that moment they are pushed with the first drift tube and attracted by the second one in the same direction.
  5. Linear Accelerator As electrons are accelerating, their velocity becomes bigger and they travel a longer distance in the same time. That is the reason why drift tubes must be longer as electrons come closer to target; because Of their greater velocity. If the very great velocity is needed, because Of long drift tubes and a big number Of drift tubes, linear accelerator must be very long.
  6. WHAT IS CYCLOTRON? A cyclotron is a machine that accelerates charged particles or ions to high energies. It was invented to investigate the nuclear structure by E.O Lawrence and M.S Livingston in 1934. Both electric and magnetic fields are used in the cyclotron to increase the energy Of the charged particles. As both the fields are perpendicular to each Other, they are called cross fields. In a cyclotron, charged particles accelerate outwards from the centre along a spiral path. These particles are held to a spiral traiectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying electric field
  7. Cyclotron Chünber Ion source Electric tie" regon DBY4U'S Magneuc field
  8. WORKING A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two ollow "D" -shaped sheet metal electrodes known as the "dees" inside a vacuum chamber. The dees are placed face to face with a narrow gap between them, creating a cylindrical space within them for particles to move. Particles are injected into the center Of this space. Dees are located between the poles Of electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field B perpendicular to the electrode plane. The magnetic field causes the path of the particle to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of motion. An alternating voltage of several thousand volts are applied between the dees. The voltage creates an oscillating electric field in the gap between the dees that accelerates the particles. The frequency of the voltage is set so that particles make one circuit during a single cycle Of the voltage. TO achieve this condition, the frequency must be set to particle s cyclotron frequency.
  9. BETATRON Betatron is a type Of particle accelerator and is used to accelerate electrons. It uses the electric field induced by a varying magnetic field to accelerate electrons to high speed in a circular orbit. The word betatron derives from the fact that high-energy electrons are often called ß-particles. The betatron was the first important machine for producing high energy electrons.
  10. The Betatron is consists Of an evacuated doughnut chamber in which electrons are produced by indirectly heated cathode. The doughnut tube is placed between two strong electromagnet such that, when the a.C current is passed in the electromagnets the flux increases in the centre Of doughnut (single coil). Doughnut Chamber Target
  11. When the electron appears at cathode in doughnut tube and the electromagnets are energized the magnetic field increases, the increasing magnetic field has two effects l. Induced e.m.f. is produced in electron orbit by changing magnetic flux that gives an additional energy to electron. According to Faraday's law 2. A radial force (magnetic force) is produced by action of magnetic field whose direction is perpendicular to the electron velocity which keeps the electron moving in circular path. The force is balanced by centripetal force. The particle acceleration occurs only with increasing flux (the duration when the flux increases from zero to a maximum value) i.e., the first quarter of the AC cycle (T/4 sec), after this the flux starts decreasing which result in decreasing velocity therefore the electron is kept in the tube only for T 14 sec. As the electrons get faster they need a larger magnetic field to keep moving at a constant radius, which is provided by the increasing field.
  12. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cyclotron Principle, Definition, Working. Uses, Frequency, Diagram (byius.com) Linear Accelerator - Definition, Application, M•/orkinq Principle (byius.com) Betatron - Engineering Physics Class (google.com) Betatron - Definition. Limitationst Examples and Applications (byius.com)

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