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Dubai

Presentation On Kinematics

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Published in: Physics
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PowerPoint covering each subtopic of Unit 3 (Kinematics) from the CIE 9072 syllabus. Explanation, definitions, solved examples, and exercises included! The PowerPoint will cover each one of these subtopics: a) define and use distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration b) use graphical methods to represent distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration c) determine displacement from the area under a velocity-time graph d) determine velocity using the gradient of a displacement-time graph e) determine acceleration using the gradient of a velocity-time graph f) derive, from the definitions of velocity and acceleration, equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line g) solve problems using equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line, including the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field without air resistance h) describe an experiment to determine the acceleration of free fall using a falling body i) describe and explain motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction and a uniform acceleration in a perpendicular direction

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  1. AS Physics Unit 3 Kinematics Speed, displacement, velocity a) define and use distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration and acceleration b) use graphical methods to represent distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration c) determine displacement from the area under a velocity-time graph d) determine velocity using the gradient Of a displacement-time graph e) determine acceleration using the gradient Of a velocity-time graph f) derive, from the def"litio-ns Of velocity and acceleration, equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a Straight line g) solve problems using equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a Straight line, including the motion Of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field without air resistance h) describe an experiment to determine the acceleration Of free fall using a falling body i) describe and motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction and a uniform acceleration in a perpendicular direction a) define and use distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration b) use graphical methods to represent distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration c) determine displacement from the area under a velocity-time graph
  2. Unit 3— Kinematics Distance x Displacement Dista nee: The total length of the path that the object travel. Displacement: The shortest length between an object's start and endpoint in a Start' o, specific direction. displacement = final position — initial position End AS Physics ogc_e
  3. Unit 3— Kinematics Speed x Velocity Speed is the magnitude of how fast a body is moving. distance travelled (m) average speed(ms—l) — time taken (s) Velocity is the magnitude of how fast a particle is moving and the direction it is moving. displacement (m) average velocity (ms-I) = time taken (s) AS Physics
  4. Unit 3— Kinematics An athlete takes 50 seconds to run around a track that is 100 meters long two times, then stops. What is the athlete's average speed and velocity? Average speed = 4 m/ s Average velocity = O m/s AS Physics
  5. Unit 3— Kinematics QI. George walks to a friend's house. He walks 750 meters North, then realizes he walked too far. He turns around and walks 250 meters South. The entire walk takes him 1 3 seconds. AS Physics a. b. c. What is his distance travelled? a) 7000m What is his displacement? b) 500m What is his velocity? c) 38.46m/s, north
  6. Unit 3— Kinematics Acceleration Acceleration is the change of velocity in unit of time: AS Physics v =5m/s v I Orn/s change in velocity(m/s) Acceleration (m/s2) = time taken (s) Av (15 — O)m/s t = 5m/s2 v = 1 5m/s The velocity increases 5m/s per second. The acceleration is said to be uniform.
  7. Unit 3— Kinematics Q2. (a) Distinguish between scalar quantities and vector quantities. AS Physics scalar has only magnitude and vector has magnitude and direction (b) Explain the differences between the quantities distance and displacement. displacement is a vector, distance is a scalar OR displacement is a straight line between two points/distance is the total distance moved (c) Define acceleration. acceleration is the change in velocity per unit time OR acceleration is the rate of change in velocity
  8. Unit 3— Kinematics Q3. A vehicle moving with a uniform acceleration of 2 m/s2 has a velocity of 4 m/ s at a certain time. What will its velocity be: a. 1 s later b. 5 s later 74 m/ s AS Physics
  9. Unit 3— Kinematics 160 E 120 AS Physics Position-time graphs Constant velocity o o *Gradient of the line — Velocity gradient of the line — = 15m/s 80 40 o Ax velocity At 150m = 15m/s IOS 2 4 6 Time / s 8 10
  10. Unit 3— Kinematics AS Physics 0 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 Stationary 2 3 4 Time (s) Position-time graphs The object is not changing its position. The object is stationary. Gradient Velocity
  11. Unit 3— Kinematics 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 O 0 AS Physics Position-time graphs Changing velocity 0.5 a 1.0 1.5 The gradient is increasing, (O > a) therefore, the velocity is increasing. The object is accelerating. 2.0
  12. Unit 3— Kinematics 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 o Position-time graphs 0.5 1.0 16 12 8 4 2.0 o 1.0 s Ax 1.5 AS Physics 8.0 m 2.0 0.5 Ax At 1.0 The gradient of the tangent line is the instantaneous velocity at that instant of time. — = 8m/s
  13. Unit 3— Kinematics a) t = 10 s AS Physics Q4. A bicyclist has the position vs time graph shown in the figure bellow. What is the bicyclist's velocity at•. Ax 100m 50m At = m/s 20s b) t = 25 s v = 35 s 100m 100 m 10 s 0 m — 100 m 10 s — 0 m/s = —10 m/s 100 50 0 10 20 30 40
  14. Unit 3— Kinematics Velocity-time graphs Constant Velocity *Gradient of the line = Acceleration AS Physics 7 6 3 5 Gradient = O Acceleration = O The area under the line represents displacement. Area = base x hight = 5s x 6m/s = 30m Displacement = 30m
  15. Unit 3— Kinematics 7 6 Velocity-time graphs Changing Velocity Gradient of Gradient AS Physics the line = acceleration 6 m/s = 1 .2m/s2 of the line — Av Acceleration t 6 m/s 1.2m/s2 *The area under the line represents the displacement Area 5s x 6m/s = 15m 2 3 4 5 Displacement = 15 m
  16. Unit 3— Kinematics Deriving equations of motion AS Physics There are a set of equations which allows us to calculate the quantities involved when an object moves with constant acceleration in a straight line. These quantities are: Ax — displacement = initial velocity u v = final velocity — acceleration a = time t
  17. Unit 3— Kinematics Equation 1 u AS Physics Acceleration — gradient Av At t v —u = at t/s v = u + at t
  18. Unit 3— Kinematics Equation 2 u AS Physics Displacement = area under the line Ax = t 2 Ax t 2 2ut + at2 2 t/s 1 t Ax = ut + —at2
  19. Unit 3— Kinematics Equation 3 From Equation 1: v = u + at v—u a AS Physics Substituting "t" in Equation 2: 1 s = ut + —at2 a a We obtain a new Equation 3: v2 = u2 + 2as
  20. Unit 3— Kinematics AS Physics Acceleration caused by gravity t=Os v=Om/s 9.8m/s x Is: 9.8m/s If we drop an object near the surface of 9.8m/s x 2s= Earth, it falls to the ground. 9.8m/s x The velocity of the object will increase steadily. 9.8m/s x 4s— Without considering air resistance, all objects fall to earth with an acceleration of 9.8m/s2. (9 This means that for every second an obiect is falling, its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s.
  21. Unit 3— Kinematics Acceleration caused by gravity An object moving under the influence of the gravitational force ONLY is said to be in free fall. AS Physics afree fall = -g = (9.80m/s 2 10m/s2, vertically downwards)
  22. Unit 3— Kinematics Proiectile Motion AS Physics Proiectile any object that, once projected, continues its motion by its own inertia and is influenced only by the downward force of gravity without influenced of air resistance. 1 .Proiectile in vertical direction 2. Projectile in horizontal e and vertical direction simultaneously e
  23. Unit 3— Kinematics Vertical Direction Motion diagram of a ball tossed straight up in the air. 11 111 I: Il: Ill: AS Physics Ball starts with a positive velocity that steadily decreases. Ball reaches its highest point, the instantaneous velocity is zero. Ball is moving downwards, velocity increases negatively.
  24. Unit 3— Kinematics Vertical & Horizontal Direction No-gravity path AS Physics Projectile's path with gravity Gravity acts downward to cause a downward acceleration.
  25. Unit 3— Kinematics The only force is weight acting downwards, the horizontal motion of the ball is unaffected (constant velocity) AS Physics a *The balls' vertical velocity increases (affected by gravity g=9.8ms-2) •e Horizontal and vertical velocities are independent: - horizontal: uniform motion. vertical: free-fall motion. a
  26. Unit 3— Kinematics AS Physics Launchi angle (vx)i = Vi cose
  27. Unit 3— Kinematics After launch, the horizontal motion is uniform motion Variable ax = O cceleration: a = Vi COS 9 Initial velocity: Vi Final velocity: Vf Position: Xi, Xf,Yi Xf = Xi + vxAt or AS Physics After launch, the vertical motion is free fall. ay — —9.80 m/s2 = Vi sin O = Viy + ayAt Vf,y = V t y + 2ayAY + Vi,yAt + —a At2 Time t is the only variable that is shared in both columns!

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