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Presentation On Cocaine Related Psychiatric Disorders

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Published in: Medical | Pharmacology | Psychology
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Medical notes on one of a psychiatric disorder by me

Faiza A / Dubai

8 years of teaching experience

Qualification: M.B.B.S,

Teaches: Anatomy, Physiology, Medical, Medicine

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  1. COCAINE RELATED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS BY DR FAIZA AKBAR
  2. AN INTRO TO COCAINE Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found within the leaves of coca plant. It has 4 forms; *coca leaf-<2% cocaine *cocaine HCL-powder *free base-paste *crack-rock cocaine Its first use as a local anesthesia . In the late 19th century ,cocaine was use for the treatment of depression and cachexia.lt is a strong stimulant of CNS,appetite suppressant and topical anesthetic.lt can be taken as injected,smoked or sniffed.
  3. HOW IS COCAINE USED? Cocaine can be snorted, injected, smoked or eaten. The level and length of the effects depend on how the drug was induce SNORTED INJECTED SMOKED ONSET 1 MINUTE 1-5 SECONDS IMMIDIATE DURATION 20-40 MIN 15-20 MIN 5-15 MIN
  4. EPIDEMIOLOGY RESEARCH BY US IN 2005: I)FREQUENCY: According to the National Survey on Drug Use & Health (NSDUH) for the age group 12 years and older Approximately 33.7 million Americans have tried cocaine at least once in their lifetimes, representing 13.8% of the 12 years and older population 2)Mortality/morbidity: On average, cocaine alone or in combination with other drugs was reported in 39% of drug misuse deaths
  5. 3)RACE: more common in whites then africans. 4)Sex: the 2005 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 8.4% of males and 6.8% of females had used cocaine at least once in 2005. to 28 age
  6. Common S/S of Cocaine Decreased Appetite Increased Body Temperature Increased Heart Rate Dilated Pupils Nausea/Vomiting
  7. Severe Nose Damage (when snorted) Violent Behavior Kidney Failure Seizure and/or Stroke Heart Attack
  8. Increased Alertness Decreased Fatigue Increased Concentration Insomnia Increased Irritability Increased Psychosis
  9. Confused Behavior Increased Fear Extreme Paranoia Severe Anxiety Attacks Hallucinations (in extreme cases) • Aggressive Behavior
  10. • • • ADDICTION AND WITHDRAWAL EFFETCTS Those who use cocaine heavily or regularly find it extremely difficult to stop and often suffer through serious withdrawal symptoms such as: Cocaine VVithdravval Severe Irritability Chronic Depression Excessive Sleep Eating Disorders Nausea / Vomiting Diarrhea Heart Attack Paranoia Loss of Sex Drive Insomnia Get Help | 800-775-8750
  11. SIDE EFFECTS OF COCAINE USE • *tsatjaue - Hone vece Nose: Teeth:
  12. Mechanism Of Action Of Cocaine CNS: *It blocks reupake of neurotransmission into presynaptic vesiclaes (esp DA receptor DAT) Euphoria
  13. CNS continued.. *Nicotine inc the level of DA in brain in chain smoking *Prolonged exposure down reg ation of DA depression
  14. CNS... *prolonged exposure activation of reward centre addiction
  15. PNS *Block of NE transporter sympathomimetic syndrome Tachycardia,HTN,tachypnea,mydriasis,sss diaphoresis and agitation
  16. PNS CONTINUED... • Blocking of Na +channels,interfere with AP Local anesthesia + in heat it will leads to type 1 antidysrythematic activity and more over leads to prolong QRS complex
  17. N/A
  18. DSM-IV-TR DSM-IV-TR describes 10 cocaine induced psychiatric disorders and gives codes to them are as follows; 305.60 Abuse 304.20 Dependence 292.89 -Induced anxiety disorder 292.84 -Induced mood disorder 292.11 -Induced psychotic disorder, with delusions 292.12 -Induced psychotic disorder, with hallucinations 292.89 -Induced sexual dysfunction 292.89 -Induced sleep disorder 292.89 Intoxication 292.81 Intoxication delirium 292.9 -Related disorder NOS 292.0 Withdrawal
  19. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) I)COCAINE INTOXICATION: Diagnosed when the patient must have used cocaine recently and must have developed clinically significant behavioral or psychological changes. Features: Euphoria Talkativeness Grandiosity Anxiety impaired judgment Anger Impaired judgment
  20. Signs and symptoms: 1)Tachycardia or bradycardia 2)Mydriasis 3)Perspiration 4)Nausea or vomiting 5)Weight loss 6)Weakness, respiratory depression, chest pain, or dysrhythmia 7)Disorientation, seizures, dyskinesias, dystonias, or coma 8)Mental state examination shows irritability, impaired attention and poor judgment
  21. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2)COCAlNE WITHDRAWAL Diagnostic criteria: include cessation or reduction in previously heavy or prolonged cocaine use.The patient also must have a dysphoric mood associated with 2 of the following 5 physiological changes which are; Fatigue Unpleasant dreams isomnia/hypersomnia Inc appetite Mental health exam: may show a sleepy, slowed-down patient who complains of depressed mood and has a restricted affect. They may express suicidal ideation.
  22. 3)COCAlNE INTOXICATION DELIRIUM Diagnostic criteria:include both a disturbance in consciousness resulting in a reduction of the patient's ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention and a change in cognition. These changes must develop over a short period and fluctuate in severity Mental health exam: shows *patient is distractible and confused with a variable affect and mood. *Visual illusions may also be present. *Judgment is extremely poor, as is orientation. * suicidal and homicidal ideation may not be present.
  23. 4)COCAlNE INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS+DELUSIONS Diagnostic Criteria: include prominent delusions developing during or within a month of cocaine intoxication or withdrawal. Presenting features:psychosis,communication and interaction gap with others, inability to recognize and accept reality. Mental state exam:shows *tense patientwho appear fearful or anxious. *They may be suspicious of questions asked. *Impaired judgement may think for homicidal or suicidal acts
  24. 5)Cocaine Induced Psychotic Disorders + Halucinations The diagnostic criteria :prominent hallucinations developing during or within a month of cocaine intoxication or withdrawal. Mental status examination: shows a patient who is distracted by internal stimuli, may show thought blocking (verbal outflow is stopped mid thought by internal stimuli) *Attention is variable *homicidal and suicidal ideation may be present.
  25. 6)Cocaine Induced Mood Disorders diagnostic criteria: a prominent and persistent disturbance in ood that arises only in association with the abuse of cocaine must occur. The symptoms must develop during or within 1 month of cocaine u e, and the use of cocaine closely corresponds to these symptoms. presenting features:depressed mood,dec interest in daily activities,apathy,wt changes,fatigue,excessive guilt,feeling of worthlessness Mental state exam: shows *depressed mood with restricted or flat affect, *depressed mood with slowed movements and responses *reduced concentration and suicidal ideation *Orientation is intact. If manic, their affect is reactive mood is elevated and/or irritable *speech is pressured *Judgment is often impaired
  26. 7)Cocaine Induced Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic criteria: a patient must have prominent anxiety, panic attacks, obsessions, or compulsions. The symptoms must develop during or within 1 month of cocaine use, and the use of cocaine closely corresponds to these symptoms. PF:diffuse, highly unpleasant, often vague feeling of apprehension accompanied by one or more bodily sensations, such as tightness in the chest or pounding heart. Mental health exam:shows *a pat with reactive affect *anxious mood *restlessness *difficulty in concentrating *Judgment and orientation are usually intact. *Due to distress, suicidal ideation may be present.
  27. 8)Cocaine Induced Sexual Dysfunction Diagnostic criteria: a patient must have prominent sexual dysfunction that results in distress or interpersonal difficulty. PF: impaired sexual desire, impaired arousal, impaired orgasm, or sexual pain.
  28. 9)Cocaine Induced Sleep Disorder Diagnostic criteria: To be diagnosed with cocaine-induced sleep disorder, a patient must have a The symptoms must develop during or within 1 month of cocaine use, and the use of cocaine closely corresponds to these symptoms. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another sleep disorder that is not induced by cocaine, must not occur exclusively during delirium, and must cause significant impairment in areas of functioning, such as social or occupational.
  29. • Amphetamine-Related Psychiatric Disorders Anxiety Disorders Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Bipolar Affective Disorder Delirium Delusional Disorder Depression Hallucinogens Panic Disorder Phencyclidine (PCP)-Related Psychiatric Disorders Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophrenia Schizophreniform Disorder
  30. LAB INVESTIGATION 1) CBC:for anemia,leukocytosis,leukopenia 2) Electrolytes:hypokalemia because acute intoicaion shift intracellular k+ ions.in severe condition hyperkalemia may occur->cardiac arrythmia. 3) Renal function test:check for rhabdomyolysis and renal artery thrombosis has been reported for te use of cocaine
  31. LAB INVESTIGATION 4)Serum bicarbonate levels: dec 5)Urine analysis: to check myoglobin dur to rhabdomyolysis 6)Glucose: should be checked in every patirent having altered consciousness due o hypoglycemia 7)Creatine kinase: for rhabdomyolysis
  32. LAB INVESTIGATION 8)Plasma cocaine levels 9)Cardiac enzymes 10)LFTs:heaptic damage occus after acute intoxication of cocaine + patients who take cocaine are at the high risk of developing infectious hepatitis. 11)Urine drug screen:to detect benzoylegonine which is a metabolite of cocaine excreat in urine for 60 hours after first dose of cocaine.
  33. LAB INVESTIGATION 12) Imaging studies: *CXR: for pulmonary signs of cocaine like Pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, atelectasis *head CT scan:Patients exhibiting acute mental status changes or focal neurological signs and symptoms may require a head CT scan. Cocaine use has been associated with intracranial bleeding and embolic and thrombotic strokes. 13)EKG :for dysrhythmia
  34. TREATMENT: Establish the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs) • Ensure adequate ventilation if patient is unconscious. provide oxygen • frequently check vital signs • monitor glucose levels for patients with altered mental status; carefully use naloxone for patients with altered mental status. • Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice for the management of patients with agitation, seizures, tachycardia, and hypertension.
  35. TREATMENT • If the condition persist specific antihypertensive therapy (e.g., intravenous nitrates or calcium- channel blockers) can be given. • If the patient is volume depleted this is corrected with intravenous isotonic saline. • Patients should be continued to be observed until they have normal vital signs and mental status. Manage the temperature
  36. TREATMENT Manage Cardiac arrhythmias; *ventricular tachycardia—>equires immediate defibrillation. *wide —complex tachycardias can be treated with-->sodium bicarbonate

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