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Dubai

Lighting Design - Essentials

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Published in: Physics
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Types of lamps, why lighting design is necessary and basic lighting terminologies are explained. Finally, calculations were performed based on which lighting system for the rooms were designed.

Doula I / Sharjah

5 years of teaching experience

Qualification: BEng. (Honours) Electrical and Electronics Engineer | MBA Candidate

Teaches: Electronics, Mathematics, Matlab, Electrical Technology, Computer Science, Programming Technology, C#, Python, Chemistry, Physics

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  1. - wL,/z LIGHTING DESIGN - ESSENTIALS TYPES OF LAMPS, NECESSI'IY OF LIGHTING DESIGN, BASIC TERMINOLOGIES OF LIGHTING AND DESIGN CALCULATIONS
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  3. INCANDESCENT LAMP Light is generated by heating a filament with temperature Of 2700 K to 2800 K. It emits most Of it's energy in the form Of infrared radiation or heat. Only 5% Of energy is converted into visible radiation or light. This is one of the main reasons why incandescent lam s are inefficient in terms Of the light emitted and energy that is consumed. As the filament Of an incandescent lamp must have very high temperature in order to give Off light, the material Of the filament evaporates relatively quickly. It have short lifespan up to 1000 hours.
  4. HALOGEN INCANDESCENT LAMP Temperature of the filament is increased to 3000 K. The filament material or tungsten gets evaporated Later chemically it reacts with the halogen in such a manner that an important part of the evaporated filament material returns to the filament. This process is known as halogen cycle. Hence, due to this process, the lifetime of this lamp is having longer lifespan than that of normal incandescent lamp up to 2000 - 4000 hours.
  5. FLUORESCENT LAMP It consists to have a lamp, the ballast, the luminaire to hold all Of the parts and pieces. • It has life span of 7,000 — 15,000 hours. 60cm lamps are rated to be 18W and 120cm lamps are rated as 36W. appe Coa whereas the upper half is coated with phosphorous. Blue emission can be observed — electrical arc stream. This excites the gases in the mercury to a higher energy state so that they can cause phosphorous to glow and hence create visible light.
  6. COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP(CFL) Designed as a replacement for incandescent or halogen lamps. • Lifespan: 8,000 — 10,000 hours. Recently designed CFLs produce more light per watt, warms up more quickly, has better light quality, and is inexpensive. CFLs and normal fluorescent lamps function in the same manner only difference is their shape and size. Used for both commercial and residential purpose.
  7. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED) LAMP It is the most efficient source of light. Lifespan is up to 50,000 hours. It has high power factor about 0.92 and emits high amount of heat. 18W of fluorescent is equivalent to 9W of LED lamp. 36W of fluorescent is equivalent to 18W of LED lamp. Nowadays, almost everywhere whether it is for commercial, industrial or domestic purpose, it is replacing fluorescent blubs.
  8. They are small point light sources that can be used individually or in a cluster of more than one chip Optical materials can be used around LED chip or cluster to direct and screen light. If the LED chip or cluster with it's driver is encapsulated in a bulb with a conventional lamp foot, they are known as LED retrofit lamps which can be used as direct replacement of incandescent lamps. Spectral power distribution characterizes light by giving the power of light at each wavelength in the visible spectrum. 0)
  9. TYPES OF MOUNTING LUMINAIRES
  10. Surface mounted Downlight mounted Suspended mounted Recessed mounted Wall mounted
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  12. Under lighting arrangement in the room will cause decline in efficiency of the task for which lightings are designed. Over lighting_arrangement can cause unnecessa expenditure.
  13. CONSIDERATIONS IN PRACTICAL Lumen output will not be constant in its full lifespan. Deposition of the dust on lamps will also cause to reduce output ofthe lights. theoainti.ngs-of theroomvtheAightingdesigmisrequiredto different. No. of factors that depends on lighting design explained in the upcoming slides.
  14. BASIC LIGHTING TERMINOLOGIES
  15. LUMINOUS FLUX • It is the quantity of light emitted by a light source per unit time (second). It is measured in lumens and is represented by symbol - (b. Unit 1m. • It specifies total amount of light emitted by a lamp. Often found in datasheets and specifications of the lamps. It does not specify at which direction(s) the light is rated. According to IEC, it is measured when lamp operates under standard condition.
  16. LUMINOUS EFFICACY It is the ratio between the luminous flux of a lamp power consumed in lamp. It is actually the measure of how energy-efficient light can be produced. Formula: Represented by symbol - K. Unit — 1m/W. Higher the lamp efficacy, greater energy efficient the lamp source.
  17. Scent Bulb 550 lumens LEO Bulb lumens 51 CFL lamp has the highest luminous efficacy in contrast to incandescent and LED lamps. compared to incandescent and LED lamps. 550 lumens 61
  18. LUMINOUS INTENSITY It is the quantity of light emitted per second in specified direction from a point source. It is measured in candela. Unit — cd. It is also the luminous flux in a specified omega(w). A solid angle can be best described as the opening angle of a cone. Therefore, intensity is the luminous flux contained in an infinitely small cone divided by the solid anglg.9f that gpn
  19. 2m Illumination diagram 650 2000 lux 500 lux ILLUMINANCE It is the number of lumens or luminous flux falling on the surface per unit square area. It is represented by equation: E — Illuminance, (b — luminous flux, and A— area at which light will fall over. 2m Unit — lux. Examples shown in the next slide.
  20. Summer at noon under a clear sky - 100,000 Heavy cloudy day — 5,000 lux I ux ii Office Artificial light — 500 lux Full moon clear night — 0.25 lux
  21. LUMINANCE It is the measure of the luminous intensity emitted per unit area of that surface in a specific direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area. Unit - candela per square metre (9. Examples shown in the next slides.
  22. Luminance of the sun Fluorescent lamp— Filament of incandescent lamp— Road surface under artificial lighting 0.5 —
  23. ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE RELATIONSHIP In the case of light emitting surface, the luminous intensity that the surface emits is usually not known. But very often, the illuminance on the surfaces is. Illuminance is independent of the type of surface. It doesn't matter if it's a wall, desk or table top. It only depends on the amount of light fallipgon that surface. For perfectly diffusing surface, a relationship exists between the illuminance on the surface, the surface reflectance and the luminance of the surface. Reflectance refers to the fraction of incident light that is reflected from a surface.
  24. ROOM INDEX (R.I.) It is based on share and size of room that describes room's length, width and height. • Range: 0.75 — 5m. It is represented by formula: • I — length of the room, w • dth of the room, hwc between work plane i.é/bench to iling. • It is applicable when I <4w. height
  25. MAINTENANCE FACTOR (M.F.) • It is also known as the light loss factor. • It is the ratio of the lamp lumen output after a period of time to lamp lumen output when it was new. Represented by formula: Lamp lumen output after period of time Lamp lumen output when it was new • It is always less than 1. 'IYpical values: For offices and classrooms For clean industry — 0.7 For dirt indust — 0.6 i. - 0.8
  26. UTILIZATION FACTOR (U.F.) It is the measure of how effective the lighting scheme is. Represented by the formula: Luminous flux falling on place of surface Luminous flux given out by the lamp • It is dependant on: Efficiency of luminaire. Distribution of luminaire. Reflectance of Room. Geometry of the space. Polar curve.
  27. ROOM'S REFLECTION Three main surfaces: 1. Floor walls 2. Ceiling 3. Light colours reflectance in brown. such as contrast white and yellow will have more to dark colours such as blue and
  28. SPACE TO HEIGHT RATIO It is the ratio of distance between adjacent luminaires(centre centre) to their height above working plane. Formula: SHR= Hm IV where Hm - Mounting height, A — Total area of the floor and N Number of luminaires It should not exceed maximum value of SHR of luminaire as provided by the manufacturer.
  29. ?? ??? LIGHTING DESIGN CALCULATION - STEPS
  30. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Depending for which type Of room lighting design to be done, find the value Of lux from IES Room Illumination level sheet - Select suitable efficient luminaire. Compute Room Index. Check Utilization Factor table (next slide). Computer number Of luminaires which is given by the formula: EXA where N — Number of luminaires, E — Illuminance level (lux), A — Area at working plane (m2), F — Average luminous flux from each lamp (1m) , n — Number Of lamps in a luminaire
  31. UTILIZATION FACTOR TABLE C .30 w .10 .50 20 .00 75 .38 33 34 30 34 30 27 22 .44 .40 .40 .39 .35 .32 .26 125 46 .44 .41 .42 .39 .36 29 $4 48 .44 45 .42 .39 .31 .53 49 .46 44 .34 250 64 .61 $6 53 .49 .47 .36 .68 .64 .59 .53 .51 49 .38 a 00 .72 .69 62 60 .53 $2 .40 .74 .72 .64 .62 .57 .54 .41 It is provided by the manufacturer Of the luminaires Room Reflection coefficients: C — Ceiling, W — Wall reflection and F — Floor reflection coefficients are C = 0.70, W = 0.3 and F = 0.2 Utilization factor = 0.54 This table can differ slightly from one manufacturer to another.
  32. 6. 7. 8. 9. Determine minimum spacing between luminaires. Formula: Minimum spacing = SHR x Hm Determine number Of required rows Of luminaire along width Of the room. Formula: Width of the room Number Of required rows = Minimum spacing Determine the number of luminaires in each row. Formula: No. of luminaires Number of luminaires in each row = Number of rows Determine axial space between each luminaire. Formula Length of the room Axial space = Number of luminaires in each row
  33. 10. Determine the transverse space between luminaires. Formula: Width of the room Transverse space = Number of rows 11. Determine the distance between luminaire and wall. Formula: Distance between 2 adjacent luminaires Distance between luminaire and wall = 2 Note: All the distances between luminaires either axial, transverse and distance between luminaire and wall (vertical as well as horizontal) are distanced from the centre position Of the luminaire(s).
  34. LIGHTING DESIGN CALCULATION - CLASSROOM EXAMPLE
  35. SPECIFICATIONS width = 9m Assuming white/light colored walls, C = 0.70, W = 0.5 and F = 0.2 Classroom length = 6m Philips BN208C LED Lamp - 40M,' to be used Note: Please refer to the steps in previous while attempting to solve this problem on your own or going through the solution of this problem.
  36. 1. 2. 3. 4. Value of lux for classroom 300 lux. Luminaire — 40W Philips BN208C LED Lamp From ceiling to study table, height = 2 m. Therefore hwc = 2m Room Index = 1.8 Determining U.F. from U.F. table and as per the specification as follows: Room Reflection F .75 .70 • Room Index 1.00 .50 1.25 .56 1.50 .60 2.00 .65 Therefore, U.F.= 0.65 asRoom Index = 1.8-2
  37. From LED Batten Philips datasheet: F = 3892 1m and Number of lamps in 5. luminaire n = 1. I = 6 m, w = 9 m, U. F. = 0.65 and M. F. = 0.8. Therefore Number of luminaires: 3892 x 1 x 0.65 x 0.8 Minimum spacing between luminaires 6. 7. 8. 9. = 2.6m Number of required rows 296 = 3.46 4 Number of luminaires in each row = 8/4 Axial spacing between luminaires
  38. 10. Transverse spacing between luminaires 2.25 m. Distance between luminaire and wall: 11. Vertical — 3 = 1.5 m and 2 = 1.125 m. Horizontal — Note: Labelled details of the diagram represented in the next slide. length = 6 m Width 1.5 m 225 m
  39. ength = 6 m ransverse Spacing 1.5 m 2.25 m Width = 9 m Vertical distance between luminaire and wall Horizontal distance between luminaire and wall Horizonta Midpoints Axial Spacing Vertical Midpoints
  40. Bulbs-com. 2018. Compact Fluorescent / Light Bulb Opes / Bulbs.com . [ONLINE] Available at: February 2018], Ejecti•ical Technology. 2018. Lighting l'Wring Installation. [ONLINE] Available [Accessed 06 Calculation in a Building • Electrical Hasan Tariq. 2018. LIGHTING DESIGN BYLUMENMWTHOD( WITH h tin„ Youlhbe. 2018. Philips Lighting Unive13ity (short video nuggets) - You7i1be [ONLINE] Available ps. www.you Udemy. 2018. Electrical Power Distribution with Dial-ux & Etap / 20181.
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