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PPT On Basic Networking Concept

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Published in: Networking
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Well, this content of presentation sums up the basic ideas about Networking related concepts including protocols. This ppt id good for beginners

Umer H / Sharjah

3 years of teaching experience

Qualification: Masters

Teaches: English, Maths, Computer Science, Physics, MS Office, Networking, Computer Basics

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  1. sea "ll
  2. I-I Networks Network Node Address Packet Protocol
  3. Network A network is a collection of computers and other devices that can send data to and receive data from each other. A network is often connected by wires. However, wireless networks transmit data through infrared light and microwaves.
  4. Node Each machine on a network is calle a node. Most nodes are computers, but printers, routers, bridges, gateways, dumb terminals, and Coca-ColaTM machines can also be nodes. Nodes that are fully functional computers are also called hosts.
  5. Address Every network node has an address, a series of bytes that uniquely identify it. The more bytes there are in each address, the more addresses there are available and the more devices that can be connected to the network simultaneously.
  6. Packet All modern computer networks are packet-switched networks: data traveling on the network is broken into chunks called packets and each packet is handled separately. Each packet contains information about who sent it and where it's going.
  7. Protocol A protocol is a precise set of rules defining how computers communicate: the format of addresses, how data is split into packets, and so on. There are many different protocols defining different aspects of network communication.
  8. 1.2 The Layers of Network Layer Internet L&ßflk} The ÅplitdEicn Internet Layer(j.üJ
  9. 1.2.1 The Host-to. Network Layer Also known as the link layer, data link layer, or network interface layer. The host-to-network layer defines how a particular network interface sends IP datagrams over its physical connection to the local network and the world.
  10. 1.2.2 The Internet defines how bits and bytes of data are organized into the larger groups called packets, and the addressing scheme by which different machines find each other.
  11. Datagrams Data is sent across the internet layer in packets called datagrams. Each IP datagram contains a header between 20 and 60 bytes long and a payload that contains up to 65,515 bytes of data.
  12. 1.2.3 The Transpor Layer responsible for ensuring t at packets are received in the order they were sent and making sure that no data is lost or corrupted.
  13. 1.2.4 The Applicati Layer The layer that delivers data to the user is called the application layer. The application layer decides what to do with the data after it's transferred.
  14. 1.3 'P, TCP, and UDP 'P: Internet protocol TCP: Transmission Control Protocol UDP: User Datagram Protocol
  15. IP was designed to allow multiple routes between any two points and to route packets of data around damaged routers.
  16. TCP Since there are multiple routes between two points, and since the quickest path between two points may change over time as a function of network traffic and other factors), the packets that make up a particular data stream may not all take the same route. Furthermore, they may not arrive in the order they were sent, if they even arrive at all.
  17. UDP UDP is an unreliable protocol that does not guarantee that packets will arrive at their destination or that they will arrive in the same order they were sent.
  18. 1.3.1 Addresses Domain Names Every computer on an IPv4 network is identified by a four-byte number. When data is transmitted across the network, the packet's header includes the address of the machine for which the packet is intended (the destination address) and the address of the machine that sent the packet (the source address).
  19. Domain Name Sys to translate hostnames that humans can remember (like www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn) into numeric Internet addresses (like 203.162.44.37).
  20. 1.3.2 Ports Each computer with an IP address has several thousand logical ports. Each port is identified by a number between 1 and 65,535. Each port can be allocated to a particular service.
  21. Well-known port assignments FTP SSH telnet Smtp HTTP POP3 IMAP 21 22 23 25 80 110 143 TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP
  22. 1.4 The Internet The Internet is the world's largest IP-based network. Intranet is a current buzzword that loosely describes corporate practices of putting lots of data on internal web servers.
  23. 1.4.1 Internet Addr Classes A Class C address block specifies the first three bytes of the address; for example, 199.1.32. A class B address block only specifies the first two bytes of the addresses an organization may use; for instance, 167.1. A class A address block only specifies the first byte of the address range—for instance, 18—and therefore has room for over 16 million nodes.
  24. 1.4.2 Network Addr Translation translates the internal addresses into the external addresses.
  25. 1.4.3 Firewalls The hardware and software that sit between the Internet and the local network, checking all the data that comes in or out to make sure it's kosher, is called a firewall. Filtering is usually based on network addresses and ports.
  26. .4.4 Proxy Server Client Application Transport Layer Internet LayerdPj Application TransportLayer TheHcst-To- Server Applicationlyer Internet LayeriiTP]
  27. ' If a firewall prevents hosts network from making dire connections to the outside proxy server can act as a go- between. Thus, a machine that is prevented from connecting to the external network by a firewall would make a request for a web page from the local proxy server instead of requesting the web page directly from the remote web server.
  28. 1.5 The Model Server Port80 IfnputStreamJ Porto (OraputStteomJ Client/Serv Client Port 41 The a cn the ,PMt41232 flnputStreamJ Port 41 m IOvtputStreamJ The output to the
  29. In most cases, a server primarily sends data w}! client primarily receives it is rare for one program to send or receive exclusively. A more reliable distinction is that a client initiates a conversation while a server waits for clients to start conversations with it. t
  30. peer-to-peer Not all applications fit easily into a client/server model. For instance, in networked games, it seems likely that both players will send data back and forth roughly equally (at least in a fair game).

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