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IGCSE Chemistry Experimental Techniques

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Published in: Chemistry
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Here we will discuss about the Experimental techniques

Babar M / Dubai

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Qualification: Master of science in chemistry(MSC CHEMISTRY), Bachelors of science in Chemistry, ( BSC biology) Biology , A levels , o levels

Teaches: Biology, Chemistry, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, IGCSE/AS/AL, Science, Environmental Science, Maths, Home Science

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  1. IGCS Expe Che CAMB OXFO EARN CHEMISTRY WITH BABAR CHEMISTRY •mental Techniques and cal Analysis IDGE , EDXCEL , AQA
  2. Variable Time l. Temperature Mass Unit(s) min/sec grams Apparatu Stopwatc h Thermom eter Balance
  3. N/A
  4. GASES A gas syringe is used to measure the volume of gases graduall
  5. OF SUBSTANCES Mixture: A mixture is a substance made from two or more other substances not chemically bonded together Solution: A mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent Solute: A substance that dissolved in a solvent Solvent: A substance that dissolves a solute Saturated Solution: A solution containing the maximum concentration of the solvent that can be dissolved in it.
  6. ACAO=BASE A method of quantitative chemical analysis where an acid is added slowly to a base until it has been neutralised.
  7. AOO A FEW DROPS OF ANOQCATOR (PASSES TO CHECK COLOUR CHANG ES CHEMUCAL REACTAONo Indicators Thymolphthalei n Methyl Orange Colour in Colour in Acid Colourless Red Neutral Colourless Orange Colour in Base Blue Yellow
  8. Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid @ The mixture goes through a funnel with filter paper into a flask. @ Insoluble residue remains in the funnel @ Filtrate flows through the funnel and gets collected in the flask or test tube or a beaker Res.iiid u
  9. CRYSTALLASATQON Used to separate dissolved solid from a solution The solution is heated to increase concentration (solvent evaporates) A drop of solution is placed on a slide to check for crystal formation The solution is left till it reaches the crystallisation point. r ruct•-alc arn filt•ararl frnrn tha cnlllt•-inn 'Anchorl AictillaA Filter Off solid Solution of One solid. insoluble Eveot•ting Trnsfer hot Ikluid to reduce voh.me of Crystals leaving to until soluti«' is satur.ted
  10. OÅSTÅLLATÅON Used to separate a solvent from a solution The impure liquid is heated in a round bottom flask When it boils, the steam rises into the attached condenser Condenser cools the steam to a pure liquid, and it drops into the beaker A thermometer is placed to ensure the highest boiling point is not exceeded.
  11. FRACTAONAL OASTALLATUON Used to separate miscible liquids Mixture is heated Substances, due to their different boiling points, rise in different fractions. A mixture of gases condenses on the beads in the fractional column. The beads are heated to the boiling point of the lowest substance so that the substance being removed cannot condense on the beads. The other substances continue to condense and will drip back into the flask. The beaker can be changed after every fraction
  12. CHROMATOGRAPHY Used to separate substances in a solvent with different solubilities. Drop the substance onto the start line (pencil) drawn on chromatography paper. Paper is placed in a beaker with solvent; the paper must touch the surface of the solvent (water or ethanol) while the line must be above the liquid. The solvent travels up the paper. Different solubilities lead to different travel rates (high solubility -> high travel rate) • The stationary phase is the material on which separation takes place • The mobile phase is the mixture you want to separate, dissolved in a solvent.
  13. CHROMATOGRAPHY o Interpreting simple chromatograms: Chromatograms are the visual outputs on the chromatography paper • Number of rings/dots = number of substances • If two dots travel the same distance up the paper, they are the same substance. • The pure substance only gives one spot. Retention Value: Used to identify a substance, calculated by the formula: Rf Value= Distance moved by substanceDistance moved by solvent Rf Value= Distance moved by solventDistance moved by substance Locating Agents Used to make colourless chromatograms visible Dry paper in the oven Spray it with locating agent • Heat it for 10 minutes in the oven

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