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IGCSE Organic Chemistry 1 Alkane , Alkene

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Published in: Chemistry
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Here we will discuss about the alkane , properties of alkane , alkene , preparation of alkene

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  1. EARN CHEMISTRY WITH BABAR IGCSE CHEMISTRY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY alkane ,alkene CAMBRIDGE , AQA , OXFORD AND EDXCEL
  2. FUNCTAONAL GROUP ANO Organic Chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic carbon compounds. Homologous Series: a group of organic compounds that have similar chemical properties due to being part of the: Same Functional Group Same General Formula Differing from One member to the next by a CH2 unit Displaying a trend in physical properties Sharing similar chemical properties
  3. Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series Structural Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula. Saturated Compounds: molecules in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. Unsaturated Compounds: molecules where one or more carbon-carbon bonds are not single.
  4. Common fossil fuels include: coal, natural gas [main constituent: methane] and petroleum Petroleum: a mixture of hydrocarbons (Carbon and Hydrogen ONLY) which can be separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation Going down the fractions @ Increasing chain length @ Increasing temperature Lower volatility @ Increase Boiling Points @ Increase Viscosity (harder to flow)
  5. Petroleum Fraction Refinery gas Gasoline fraction Naphtha fraction Kerosene/Paraffin fraction Diesel oil/Gas oil fraction Fuel oil fraction Lubricating fraction Bitumen Uses heating and cooking fuels for cars chemical feedstock jet fuel fuel in diesel engines fuel in ships and home heating systems lubricants, waxes and polishes making roads
  6. Complete Combustion A complete combustion reaction with any organic compounds will produce Carbon Dioxide and Water as its product. The general equation is: cxHY + 02 -9 C02 + 1-120 @ Incomplete Combustion An incomplete combustion reaction with any organic compounds will produce Carbon Monoxide and Water as its product. The general equation is: cxHY + 02 -9 CO + 1-120
  7. Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons [single carbon bonds] that are generally unreactive; however, they do undergo combustion reactions General formula = C H n 2n+2 EX Butane
  8. REACTAON Alkanes go through substitutional reactions, where the atom of another element under UV light replaces the hydrogen atom. (Photochemical) The presence of UV light is to provide activation energy CH4 + C12 (light) HCI + CH3Cl / CH2C12 / CHC13 / CC14 Compounds = chloromethane/ di / tri/ tetrachloromethane
  9. ALKENES Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons [at least one double bond between 2 carbon atoms] Have isomers: same molecular formula but different structural formula (placement of double bond shifts), e.g. but-I -ene and but- 2-ene General formula = CnH2n Functional group: C=C bond
  10. CATALYTAC CRACKÅNG (ALKANE) Thermal decomposition reaction, in which an alkene (and sometimes hydrogen) is produced from an alkane. Hydrocarbon is heated, and vapours are passed over a catalyst (alumina (A1203 and silica) Cracking always produces a short-chain compound with a C=C bond (matches the supply of fractions with demand and produces alkene for feedstock.) e.g. Cracking of ethane will give ethene an hydrogen . Butane Ethane + Ethene ; C2H6 + C2H4
  11. mineral wool soaked in hydrocarbon porous pot/ aluminium oxide heat mixture of alkanes and alkenes water
  12. HOW OO OUSTANGIJUS# SATURATEO ANO UNSATURATEO Using Bromine water (reddish-brown): Saturated: remains reddish brown (unreactive) Unsaturated: turns colourless/decolourises
  13. AOOPTAON REACTAONS @ Ikene addition reactions only form one product. With Bromine: (the test for saturation - orange brown-colourless) e.g. ethene (g) + bromine (aq) —+ 1,2- dibromoethane (l) With steam (hydration): forms alcohols with heat (3000 C), pressure (60atm/6000kPa) and an acid catalyst (phosphoric acid) e.g. ethene (g) + steam (g) e ethanol (l) With hydrogen (hydrogenation), a double bond breaks down to form an alkane with a heat of 200 degrees and a catalyst (nickel) e.g. ethene (g) + hydrogen (g) ethane (g)

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