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Dubai

IGCSE Chemistry Chemical Reactions

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Published in: Chemistry
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Here we will discuss about chemical reactions , rate of reactions , factors affecting rate of reactions Equilibrium

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Qualification: Master of science in chemistry(MSC CHEMISTRY), Bachelors of science in Chemistry, ( BSC biology) Biology , A levels , o levels

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  1. EMISTRY WITH LEARN IGCS CHEMISTRY CHE ICAL REACTIONS CAM RIDGE , OXFORD , EDXCEL
  2. WG4AT uS REACTAONS A chemical reaction is in which the bonds are broken within reactant molecules, and new bonds are formed within product molecules in order to form a new substance. Compounds that interact to produce new compounds are called reactants whereas the newly formed compounds are called products Chemical reactions play an integral role in different industries, customs and even in our daily life. They are continuously happening in our general surroundings; for example, rusting of iron, pottery, fermentation of wine and so on.
  3. WG4AT uS A chemical change is a change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more than one new substances are formed. FOR example Burning of paper and log of wood Digestion of food Boiling an egg Chemical battery usage Electroplating a metal Baking a cake Milk going sour
  4. WG4AT uS PHYSPC" Physical properties of matter include its appearance and observable properties. Some physical properties are colour, odour, taste, solubility, rigidity, fluidity, melting and boiling points, etc. for example 2. 3. Melting of ice maxing send with water dissolving suger water
  5. 2. 3. its reversible no new substance formed it retain its chemical properties Physical state 2. 3. its not reversible new substance formed its does not retain its chemical properties , so make the different product Chemical state
  6. OF RkACTAOÅ During the course of the reaction shown below, reactants A and B are consumed while the concentration of product AB increases. The reaction rate can be determined by measuring how fast the concentration of A or B decreases, or by how fast the concentration of AB increases. A+B—AB A+B—AB Red line is reactant Blue line is product
  7. FACTORS OF REACTAON TEMPERATURE : AS the temperature increases , the rate of reaction is increases because the collision of the molecules increases . 2 . PRESSURE AS the pressure increases , the rate of reaction is increses because the collision of the molecules
  8. 30 CONCENTRATAON AS the concentration is increases , the rate of reaction increases because the number of particles increases , so the collide with each other 4. Catalyst in the presence of catalyst , the rate of reaction is increased
  9. REACTAON A reversible reaction is a reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously. o aA+bB—-- —SCC + Dd A and B can react to form C and D or, in the reverse reaction, C and D can react to form A and B. This is distinct from a ceve—pscess In
  10. WG4AT uS chemical equilibrium, condition in the course of a reversible chemical reaction in which no net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs. A reversible chemical reaction is one in which the products, as soon as they are formed, react to produce the original reactants.
  11. WG4AT uS Le Chatelier's principle focuses on maintaining equilibrium. If the conditions of a reaction at equilibrium change, then the system will try to oppose or reverse the change. This principle is called Le Chatelier's principle.
  12. FACTORS CONCENTRATION When reactant concentration increases, more products will be formed. If an equilibrium is disturbed by increasing the concentration of a reactant, then the system will oppose the increase in concentration and act to decrease the concentration of the reactant. It does this by increasing the rate at which the reactant is used up, and favouring the forward reaction. This increases the rate of formation of the product. When product concentration increases, more reactants will be formed. If an equilibrium is disturbed by increasing the concentration of a product, then the system will oppose the increase and act to decrease the concentration of the product. It does this by increasing the rate at which the product turns into reactants, and favouring the reverse reaction, increasing its rate.
  13. Let's look at this example of a reversible reaction, involving the formation of ammonia. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 @ If we increase the amount of nitrogen, then the system will act to oppose the increase and act to decrease the amount of nitrogen. The forward reaction is favoured. This causes an increase in formation of ammonia, NH3. @ If we increase the amount of ammonia, then the system will act to oppose the increase and act to decrease the amount of ammonia. The reverse reaction is favoured. This is in order to reduce the concentration of ammonia, whilst increasing the amount of nitrogen and hydrogen formed.
  14. @ If the temperature of a system is increased, then the equilibrium will shift to decrease the temperature. Therefore, the reaction will proceed in the endothermic direction (as this takes in heat energy from the surroundings). @ If the temperature of a system is decreased, then the equilibrium will shift to increase the temperature. Therefore, the reaction will proceed in the exothermic direction (as this gives out heat energy to the surroundings).
  15. FOR N2 + 3H2 e 2NH3 @ In this instance, the forward reaction is exothermic. @ If we increase the temperature in this reaction, then the system will oppose this increase and act to decrease the temperature. The reverse reaction is favoured. This is the endothermic direction, which leads to the formation of N2 and @ If we decrease the temperature in this reaction, then the system will oppose the decrease and act to increase the temperature. The forward reaction is favoured. This is the exothermic direction, which leads to the formation of NH3.

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