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Introduction To Organic Chemistry Notes

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Published in: Chemistry
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Hydrocarbons and bsic reactions of organic compounds leading to polymers

Muhammed S / Abu Dhabi

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  1. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY-II By MUHAMMED SALMAN FARISH TP Email: [email protected]
  2. MODULE -3
  3. Organic chemistry ? Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of hydrocarbons and its derivatives. Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Except oxides of carbon, carbonate and hydrogen carbonate, they are under the branch of inorganic chemistry. Examples for organic compounds; plastics, protein, rubber, methane, acetic acid ( vinegar Inorganic compounds include the compounds of all other elements except Carbon and hydrogen.
  4. Uniqueness of Carbon 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon can form ring and chain compounds with other carbon atoms — called catenation. Carbon can make multiple bonds (single, double and triple bond ) at a time with other carbon atoms. Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent element. Carbon showing a number of allotropes like diamond, graphite, fullerene etc...
  5. Hydrocarbons Saturated 1. Alkanes Unsaturated 1. Alkenes 2. Alkynes
  6. Alkanes (single bond between Carbon atoms) Number of Name C atoms Methane Ethane Propane Butane Molecular formula structure CH4 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
  7. Alkenes (double bond between Carbon atoms) Number of Name Molecular C atoms Ethene Propene Butene 2-butene formula Structure CH2=CH2 CH3-CH=CH2 CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH=CH-CH3
  8. Alkynes (triple bond between Carbon atoms) Number of Name Molecular C atoms 2 3 4 4 formula Ethyne Propyne Butyne 2-butyne Structure HC=CH CH3-C=CH CH=C-CH2-CH3 CH3-C=C-CH3
  9. ests to identify saturated and unsaturated compounds? Saturated compounds Reaction with KMn04 : exist the pale blue colour of KMn04 as before. Reaction with Bromine water: yellow colour of bromine water existed as it was. It will not undergo addition reaction but undergo substitution reaction. Unaturated compunds Reaction with KMn04 disappearing the pale blue colour of KMn04. Reaction with Bromine water: yellow colour get disappearing These will Undergo addition reactions
  10. Functional group Functional groups are atoms or groups coming after O replacing an Hydrogen atom from alkanes. eg; alcohols, aldehyde, ketones etc... Depending on the functional groups present in O compounds, their properties may be varied. Some of the functional groups and their naming listed below
  11. Functional groups Name of functional group Alcohol Aldehyde Carboxylic acid Alkoxy group (ether) Amines Ketones Ester Structure -OH -CHO -COOH -0_ -NH2 - co -coo Ending of IUPAC name 01 al oic acid alkoxyalkane amine amine oate
  12. Polymers O O Polymers are very large molecules having high molar mass and are formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules called monomers. eg; polyethene, polystyrene, polyester. The process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerisation. Poly means "more number" and mer means "unit"
  13. Classification of polymers Classification based on source Natural polymers eg; rubber, proteins, cellulose Semi synthetic polymers Eg; Cellulose derivatives Synthetic po ymers Man made polymers Eg: polythene, poly st rene PVC etc
  14. Classification based on Linear polymers. Long and straight chains of polymers. E.g. high density polythene, polyvinyl chloride structure Branched polymers. Linear chains having some branches. E.g. low density polythene Cross linked polymers. contain strong covalent bonds between various linear polymer chains. Eg; bakelite
  15. Classification based on the type of monomers Homopolymers: These are polymers containing only one type of monomer unit. E.g.: polythene, polystyrene. polypropene etc Copolymers These are polymers containing different types of monomer units. E.g.: Polyesters like glyptal, terylene etc. poly amides like Nylon-6, Nylon-6,6 etc.
  16. Classification based on the mode of polymerization Addition polymerisation By the addition of monomers, eg; polyethene, polypropene Condensation polymerisation Elimination of small molecules such as water, eg, Nylon 6,6 and nylon 6
  17. Elastomers Classification based on the Molecular Forces Thermo Fibres polymers Thermosettin g polymers
  18. Elastomers: These are rubber like solids with elastic O properties. It contain weak intermolecular forces (van der Waal's force). So they can be stretched. A few 'cross links' are formed in between the chains. E.g. buna-S, buna-N, neoprene, etc. Fibres: Fibres are the thread forming solids which possess high tensile strength and high modulus. Here the different polymer chains are held together by strong intermolecular force like hydrogen bonding, they have close packed structure and are crystalline in nature. Eg:-Nylon- 6,6 and nylon-6
  19. Thermoplastic polymers : O These are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules. They can be repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling. examples are polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls, etc... Thermosetting polymers : O These are cross linked or heavily branched molecules. On heating they undergo cross links and become infusible. Eg:bakelite,glyptal
  20. Rubber Natural rubber: O o It is a linear polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-l, butadiene) and is also called as cis-l, 4 - polyisoprene. H2C = C - CH = CH2 CH3 3- The various cis-polyisoprene chains are held together by O weak van der Waals forces and has a coiled structure. Thus, it can be stretched like a spring and exhibits elastic properties.
  21. Vulcanisation and its merits Vulcanisation of rubber; To improve the physical properties of natural rubber, it is heated with sulphur and an appropriate additive at a temperature of 373 to 415 K. This process is called vulcanisation. On vulcanisation, sulphur forms cross links between the different poly isoprene units and thus the rubber gets stiffened. Synthetic rubbers: These are either homopolymers of 1, 3 - butadiene derivatives or copolymers of 1, 3 - butadiene or its derivatives with another unsaturated monomer. examples are: Neoprene (polychloroprene), buna —S and Buna-N.
  22. ortant 1, e commerc polymers Polythene CH2=CH2 +CH2-CH2+n Ethene Poly ethene Uses:toys flexible pipes, dustbins, bottles & pipes Polypropene 2, CH2=CH-CH3 +CH2-CH2-CH2+ n Propene Polypropene Uses: Manufacture of ropes, toys, pipes, fibres, etc
  23. 3, Polystyrene nCH2=CH Styrene ECH2-CH+n Polystyrene uses: As insulator, wrapping material, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 4, CH2=CH n Cl vinyl chloride 4CH2-CH+n Cl Polyvinyl chloride Uses :Manufacture of rain coats, hand bags, vinyl flooring.
  24. 5, 1 Neoprene Cl Polymerisation n CHEC-CH=CH2 Chloroprene 2-Chloro-1, 3-butadiene Cl CHEC=CH-CH2 Neoprene Uses : manufacture of conveyor belts, gaskets, hoses Teflon 6, CF2=CF2 Tefra flouro ethene catalyst High pressure +CF2-CF24 Teflon Uses : to make non- stick surface coated utensils and oil seals
  25. Buna -N CN Copolymerisation n + nCHFCH 1 *3-Butadiene Acrylonitrile CN CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH Buna-N Uses : to make oil seals and tank lines Buna — S 8, n CHFCH-CH=CH2 + n CHFCH -+ n4CH3-CH=CH-CHrCHrCH-1 1,3-butadiene Styrene Buna — S Uses : manufacture of auto tyres and footwear components
  26. Nylon 6,6 9, 553K + n H2N (CH2)6 High pressure Adipic acid + hexamethylene diamene -+ Uses : to make sheets, bristles for brushes Nylon 6 10, Huc —CH2 H HO n Nvlon 6.6 Nylon 6,6 1-12C I-Izc Caprolactam 533-543K H20 o C - (CHL- N Nylon 6 Uses : tyre cords, fabrics and ropes
  27. Bakelite 11. It prepared from phenol and formaldehyde. Used for making combs, electrical switches, handles of utensils and computer discs. Bakelite
  28. Refractories
  29. Refractories Materials withstand that can high without temperature softening and deformation in their shape. Used for the construction of furnaces, converters, kilns, crucibles, ladles etc...
  30. roperties Of refrac orles. Infusible at operating temperature Chemically inert towards corrosive gases, liquids etc. Should not suffer change in size at operating temp Should have high refractoriness Should have high load bearing capacity at operating temp.
  31. Properties Of refractories. A good refractory should have low Porosity Thermal Spalling Thermal Expansion Electrical conductivity Have high refractoriness. It is the ability to withstand very high temp. Refractoriness without softening or deformation under particular service condition
  32. Porosity All refractories contain pores, either due to manufacturing methods or deliberately made( by incorporating saw-dust or cork during manufacture). Porosity is the ratio of its pore's volume to the bulk volume. Saturated Specimen Weight = W Dry Specimen Weight = D Specimen Submerged in wate Weight = A X100
  33. Thermal spalling "Property of breaking, cracking or peeling of refractory under material high temperature". It is Due Rapid Change in temperature Slag penetration
  34. Acid refractories Types of refractories Basic refractories Neutral refractories
  35. Acid refractories Acid refractories are those which are attacked by basic O slags. These are not affected by acid slags and hence, can be safely used where the environment is acidic. Examples of acid refractories are: Silica (Most acidic). Semi - Silica. Alumino - Silicate Refractories.
  36. Basic refractories Basic refractories are those which are attacked by acid O slags. Since they do not react with basic slags so, these refractories are of considerable importance for furnace linings where the environment is basic for example, in furnace for non-ferrous metallurgical operations. Examples of basic refractories are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Magnesite. Mag - Chrome. Chrome - Mag. Dolomite.
  37. Neutral Refractories These are the refractories that are neither attacked by acid O nor by basis slags. Examples are: Graphite (Most inert). 1. Chromites. 2.
  38. Glass Glass is a mixture of silicates, Or O it is amorphous, hard, transparent , brittle super cooled liquid with infinite viscosity formed by fusing a mixture of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and silica. Types of glasses 1. 2. 3. 4. Soda glass Borosilicate glass Safety glass Insulating glss
  39. Types Of glasses Soda glass O Components; Silica, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate Uses; for the manufacturing of bottles, window glasses, jars Boro silicate glass O Components; Silica, borax, alumina ( sodium aluminum boro silicate) Uses; laboratory glasswares( burette, pipette, conical flask), telivison picture tube.
  40. Safety glass Prepared by placing a thin layer of plastic sheet between two glass sheets. When breaks, it will not make sharp edges and will not fly in apart atmosphere. uses; as wind shields in automobiles and in aero planes.
  41. Optical fibers o It is a transparent, flexible fiber made by drawing glass to a diameter slightly less than that of human hair. It can transmit signals between the two ends of the fiber by the result of total internal reflection. It can transmit signals effectively with out losing strength of the signal. Uses; 1. 2. 3. 4. communication transmission over long distances. as optic sensors to measure strain, temperature, as light guides in imaging optics
  42. ΤΗΑΝΚ YoU

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