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Topic 1.1 Introduction To The Particulate Nature Of Matter And Chemical Changes

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Published in: Chemistry
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This is IB Chemistry Topic 1.1 section notes including some practice questions.

Mangan J / Dubai

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  1. TOPIC 1 - STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER AND CHEMICAL CHANGE 1. States of matter Diagram Motion of particles Spacing of particles Shape Compressibility Sound conductivity Intermolecular forces 2. Phase Changes. SOLID Vibrate about a fixed position Little empty space between particles Fixed shape Very hard to compress Very Strong LIQUID Slide past each other/ move around each other Little empty space between particles No fixed shape Takes the shape of the container Can be compressed a bit Strong to moderate GAS Move freely/quickly in all directions Large empty space between particles No fixed shape Takes the shape of the container Easily compressible Low or weak SOLID Freezing Melting Sublimatio Vaporization LIQUID Condensation Deposition GAS
  2. 3. Temperature a. b. c. The Kelvin scale is calibrated so that raising the temperature one degree Kelvin raises it by the same amount as one degree Celsius. The difference between the scales is that OOC is the freezing point of water, while 0 K is much, much colder. On the Kelvin scale, 0 K (degree symbols are not used for Kelvin values) represents absolute zero. Absolute zero is the temperature when the average kinetic energy of a perfect gas is zero the molecules display no energy of motion. Absolute zero is equal to - 2730C, or -4590 F When scientists are conducting research, they often obtain or report their temperature values in Celsius, and other scientists must convert these values into Kelvin for their own use, or vice versa. To convert Celsius values to their Kelvin equivalents, you would use the formula: K oc + 273 Solve the following problems: Water boils at a temperature of 1000C. What would be the corresponding temperature for the Kelvin scale? K = 100 + 273 = 373 K A gas has a boiling point of -1750C. At what Kelvin temperature would this gas boil? K = -175 + 273 = K A chemist notices some silvery liquid on the floor in her lab. She wonders if someone accidentally broke a mercury thermometer, but did not thoroughly clean up the mess. She decides to find out if the silver stuff is really mercury. From her tests with the substance, she finds out that the melting point for the liquid is 275 K. A reference book says that the melting point for mercury is -38.870C. Is this substance mercury? Explain your answer and show all relevant calculations. K = -38.87 + 273 = 234.13 K, which means that the substance isn't mercury as 234.13 K # 275 K 4. The diagram below is a plot of temperature vs. time. It represents the heating of what is initially ice at -IOOC at a near constant rate of heat transfer. 6100 50 O 1. Time a) What phase or phases are present during segment (l) 9 SOLID
  3. b) What is happening to the energy being absorbed from the heat source? (answer in terms of potential and/or kinetic energy) Particles vibrate and K.E increases c) What phase change, if any, is taking place? None 11. 111. IV. V. VI. Vll. Vlll. a) What phase or phases are present during segment (2) Solid and Liquid b) What is happening to the energy being absorbed from the heat source? (answer in terms of potential and/or kinetic energy) Phase change occurs and P.E increases c) What phase change, if any, is taking place? Melting a) What phase or phases are present during segment (3) Liquid b) What is happening to the energy being absorbed from the heat source? (answer in terms of potential and/or kinetic energy) K.E/temperature increases, particles move faster c) What phase change, if any, is taking place? a) What phase or phases are present during segment (4) None Liquid and Gas b) What is happening to the energy being absorbed from the heat source? (answer in terms of potential and/or kinetic energy) P.E increases with particles moving far apart c) What phase change, if any, is taking place? a) What phase or phases are present during segment (5) Boiling Gas b) What is happening to the energy being absorbed from the heat source? (answer in terms of potential and/or kinetic energy) K.E is increasing c) What phase change, if any, is taking place? What is the melting point of this substance? None ooc At what temperature would this sample finish boiling? 1 oooc When this substance is melting, the temperature of the ice-water mixture remains constant because:
  4. a. b. c. d. Heat is not being absorbed The ice is colder that the water Heat energy is being converted to potential energy Heat energy is being converted to kinetic energy IX. When a given quantity of water is heated at a constant rate, the phase change from liquid to gas takes longer than the phase change from solid to liquid because a. The heat of vaporization is greater than the heat of fusion b. The heat of fusion is greater than the heat of vaporization c. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is greater in steam than in water d. Ice absorbs energy more rapidly than water does 5. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures I. Il. Read the following information on elements, compounds and mixtures. Fill in the blanks where necessary. Elements: A pure substance containing only one kind of atom An element is always uniform all the way through (homogeneous). An element cannot be separated into simpler materials (except during nuclear reactions). Over 100 existing elements are listed and classified on the Periodic Table Compounds: A pure substance containing two or more kinds of atoms The atoms are chemically combined in some way. Often times (but not always) they come together to form groups of atoms called molecules. A compound is always homogeneous (uniform). Compounds cannot a chemical reaction. be separated by physical means. Separating a compound requires The properties of a compound are usually different than the properties of the elements it contains. Mixtures: elements Two or more or No reaction between substances. Mixtures can be uniform (called compounds homogeneous NOT chemically combined. and are known as solutions. Mixtures can also be non-uniform (called heterogeneous Mixtures can be separated into their components by chemical or physical means. The properties of a mixture are similar to the properties of its components. Classify each of the following as elements (E), compounds (C) or Mixtures (M). Write the letter X if it is none of these. Diamond (C) E Air E Krypton (K) C Water (H20) C Ammonia (NH3) M Wood C Dry Ice (C02) C sugar (C6H1206) C Sulfuric Acid (H2S04) E Bismuth (Bi) C Alcohol (CH30H) C Salt (NaCl) M Bronze C Baking Soda (NaHC03) M Milk Gasoline M E Uranium (U) Pail of Garbage M X Energy M Ink E Titanium (Ti) E Iron (Fe) Electricity X M Popcorn A dog M Gold (Au) E Pizza M Concrete M
  5. 111. IV. Match each diagram with its correct description. Diagrams will be used once. c l. Pure Element — only one type of atom present. D C E B A D 2. Mixture of two elements — two types of uncombined atoms present. 3. Pure compound — only one type of compound present. 4. Mixture of two compounds — two types of compounds present. 5. Mixture of a compound and an element. Column A lists a substance. In Column B, list whether the substance is an element (E), a compound (C), a Heterogeneous Mixture (HM), or a Solution (S). (Remember a solution is a homogeneous mixture.) In Column C, list TWO physical properties of the substance. Column A l. Summer Sausa e 2. Steam 3. Salt Water 4. Pencil lead Pb 5. Dlrt Silver A 7. 8. Tooth aste a2HP04 9. A burrito 10. Italian Dressin I l. Chicken Sou 12. Lemonade 6. Writing and balancing equations Column B c S S Column C Chun , Brown Gas, Hot Li uid, Clear Gre , Solid Brown, Solid Brown, Li uid Silver, Solid White, Thick Multi-colored, Solid Li uid, Greas Li uid/Solid, Brown Yellow Li uid For the following reactions, write down the word equation, skeleton/symbol equation and balanced equation: A. Magnesium (Mg) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCI) to make magnesium chloride (MgC12) and hydrogen gas Word Equation: Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen Skeleton/Symb01 Equation: Mg + HCI MgC12 +H2 Balanced Equation: Mg + 2HCl -Y MgC12 +
  6. B. Ethane (C2H6) reacts with oxygen gas to make carbon dioxide and water Word Equation: Ethane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water Skeleton/Symbol Equation: C2H6 + 02 -5 C02 + 1-120 Balanced Equation: 2C2H6 + 702 -Y C02 + 6H20 C. Lead nitrate reacts with aluminium chloride (AIC13) to make aluminium nitrate and lead chloride (PbC12) Word Equation: Lead (Il) nitrate + Aluminum chloride -5 Aluminum nitrate + Lead (Il) chloride Skeleton/Symb01 Equation: + AIC13 -Y + PbC12 Balanced Equation: + 2AlC13 + 3PbC12 D. Barium nitride (Ba3N2) reacts with water to make barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) and ammonia (NH3) Word Equation: Barium nitride + water -Y barium hydroxide + ammonia Skeleton/Symb01 Equation: Ba3N2 + H20 + NH3 Balanced Equation: Ba3N2 + 6H20 -Y + 2NH3 E. Ammonium perchlorate (NH4C104) reacting with aluminium to make aluminium oxide (A1203), aluminium chloride (AIC13), nitric oxide (NO) and water Word Equation: Ammonium perchlorate + Aluminium Aluminium oxide + aluminium chloride + nitric oxide + water Skeleton/Symb01 Equation: NH4C104+ Al A1203 + AIC13 + NO + H20 Balanced Equation: 3NH4C104+ 13Al IA1203+ IAIC13+ 3NO + 6H20 7. Types of chemical reactions To Identify the type of chemical reaction involved: Follow this series of questions. When you can answer "yes" to a question, then stop! i. Does your reaction have oxygen as one of it's reactants and carbon dioxide and water as products? If yes, then it's a combustion reaction ii. Does your reaction have two (or more) chemicals combining to form one chemical? If yes, then it's a synthesis reaction iii. Does your reaction have one large molecule falling apart to make several small ones? If yes, then it's a decomposition reaction iv. Does your reaction have any molecules that contain only one element? If yes, then it's a single displacement reaction
  7. v. If you haven't answered "yes" to any of the questions above, then you've got a double displacement reaction Solve the following by predicting the products, balancing the equation, and identifying the reaction type: A) Reaction type: Synthesis 2LiCl 02(g B) Reaction type: Ca -k 12 C) Reaction type: Zn (s) + D) Reaction type: E) Reaction type: F) Reaction type: Fe (s) + G) Reaction type: FeBr2 (aq) + H) Reaction type: I) Reaction type: 2 NaCl+ J) Reaction type: 2 AIC13-> K) Reaction type: Synthesis cab Single Replacement Cu(S04) (aq) _ZnS04 + Cu Single Replacement Cu(S04) (aq) Ag7S04 + Cu 3 7 2 Single Replacement AgN03 (aq) Al(N03)3 + 3Ag Single Replacement HN03 (aq) Double Replacement _2NH4Br + FeC03 Double Replacement NaCl + Decomposition 2Na + Cb Decomposition 2Al + 3C12 Combustion C02 + 6H20
  8. 8. The Atom Economy A. Define the atom economy A measure of the proportion of reactant included in the final useful product B. Write down its formula Molecular mass of atoms of useful products Percentage Atom Economy : Molecular mass of atoms in reactants C. Calculate the percentage atom economy for the reaction below. H3C CH3 CH3 C6H12 acid 2 H3C 6(12.01) + 12 (1.01) g 84.18 CH3 CH3 C6H12 6(12.01) + 12 (1.01) g 84.18 Percentage atom economy 84.18/84.18 x 100 — 100% D. Hydrazine (N2H4) is used for rocket fuel. Calculate the atom economy for hydrazine production. 2NH3 + Na0Cl N2H4 H 20 NaCI 2[14.01 +3 (1.01)] g+ (22.99 + 16.00+35.45) — [2 (14.01) +4 (1.01)] + (22.99+35.45) + [2(1.01) + 16.00] 34.08 108.52 74.44 32.06 108.52 58.44 18.02 Percentage atom economy 32.06/108.52 x 100 = 29.54%

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